1989 Brazilian presidential election

none Brazil 1968 presidential 1985 Brazilian presidential election 1985 1994 Brazilian general election 1994 15 November 1989 (first round)17 December 1989 (second round) 88.08% (first round) 85.61% (second round) Fernando Collor de Mello em 1989.jpg Fernando Collor Itamar Franco National Reconstruction Party New Brazil no 0B6202 35,090,206 53.03% Serra, Lula e outros na constituinte (cropped - 3x4).jpg Lula da Silva José Paulo Bisol (PSB) Workers' Party (Brazil) Popular Brazil Front 31,075,803 46.97% 300px First round, shaded accounding to vote share 300px Second round, shaded accounding to vote share 2 President José Sarney Brazilian Democratic Movement Party Fernando Collor National Reconstruction Party Presidential elections were held in Brazil in 1989, with the first round on November 15 and a second round on December 17. They were the first direct presidential elections since 1960, the first to be held using a two-round system and the first to take place under the 1988 constitution, which followed two decades of authoritarian rule after the 1964 Brazilian coup d'état. The collapse of the military-imposed two-party systemBipartidarismo: Sistema vigorou durante a ditadura militar https://educacao.uol.com.br/disciplinas/historia-brasil/bipartidarismo-sistema-vigorou-durante-a-ditadura-militar.htm 2020-12-01 educacao.uol.com.br pt-br 2021-01-08 https://web.archive.org/web/20210108181117/https://educacao.uol.com.br/disciplinas/historia-brasil/bipartidarismo-sistema-vigorou-durante-a-ditadura-militar.htm live that pitted the right-wing authoritarian National Renewal Alliance (ARENA) against the catch-all Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB) resulted in a wide array of new parties seeking to fill the political vacuum. President José Sarney of the PMDB, the MDB's successor, was ineligible to run. Sarney, who was elected Vice President on Tancredo Neves's ticket in the 1985 elections, had taken office due to Neves's death before his scheduled inauguration.Globo Acervo-Jornal O. Sequestro do empresário Abilio Diniz agitou campanha presidencial em 1989 https://acervo.oglobo.globo.com/em-destaque/sequestro-do-empresario-abilio-diniz-agitou-campanha-presidencial-em-1989-15745169 2020-12-01 Acervo pt-br 2021-01-27 https://web.archive.org/web/20210127223313/https://acervo.oglobo.globo.com/em-destaque/sequestro-do-empresario-abilio-diniz-agitou-campanha-presidencial-em-1989-15745169 live Popular Governor of Alagoas Fernando Collor de Mello resigned from his position to mount a bid for the presidency.http://veja.abril.com.br/arquivo_veja/capa_23031988.shtml A guerra ao turbante Abril Veja.com 23 March 1988 24 July 2012 No seu papel de caçador de marajás, o alagoano Fernando Collor de Mello torna-se um dos governadores mais populares do país 17 March 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20090317181339/http://veja.abril.com.br/arquivo_veja/capa_23031988.shtml dead Previously a member of the PMDB, Collor joined the small National Reconstruction Party (PRN) in the run-up to the presidential campaign. Collor, who presented himself as a political outsider and was noted for his charisma,Brooke James 1992-11-08 Looting Brazil (Published 1992) en-US The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/08/magazine/looting-brazil.html 2020-12-01 0362-4331 2021-01-28 https://web.archive.org/web/20210128005038/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/08/magazine/looting-brazil.html live polled at a mere 5% according to polling taken in early 1989.http://www.viomundo.com.br/politica/marcos-coimbra-a-sindrome-de-collor-engano-recorrente-dos-candidatos.html Marcos Coimbra: A "síndrome de Collor", engano recorrente Coimbra Marcos Viomundo 17 May 2013 25 March 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20150512045922/http://www.viomundo.com.br/politica/marcos-coimbra-a-sindrome-de-collor-engano-recorrente-dos-candidatos.html 12 May 2015 live Collor's emergence as an unlikely frontrunner was credited to his campaign's skilled use of television advertisements to make the case for his candidacy.http://noticias.uol.com.br/especiais/eleicoes-1989/ultnot/2009/11/15/ult9005u10.jhtm Relação com a Globo 'ajudou bastante', lembra Collor; senador diz ter pensado, na véspera, que perderia a eleição Haroldo Ceravolo Sereza Noticias.uol.com.br UOL 2009-11-15 https://web.archive.org/web/20210121205502/https://noticias.uol.com.br/especiais/eleicoes-1989/ultnot/2009/11/15/ult9005u10.jhtm 2021-01-21 live Collor, who had governed one of the smallest states in the country, chose Senator Itamar Franco of the populous and electorally crucial state of Minas Gerais as his running mate.2018-08-20 Roadmap to Brazil's presidency: win in Minas Gerais https://brazilian.report/power/2018/08/20/roadmap-brazils-presidency-minas-gerais/ 2020-12-01 The Brazilian Report 2020-07-01 https://web.archive.org/web/20200701041015/https://brazilian.report/power/2018/08/20/roadmap-brazils-presidency-minas-gerais/ live Further, Collor's campaign was noted for his relative youth at the mere age of 40.Fernando Collor De Mello Encyclopedia.com https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/brazilian-history-biographies/fernando-collor-de-mello 2020-12-01 www.encyclopedia.com 2021-01-27 https://web.archive.org/web/20210127193502/https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/brazilian-history-biographies/fernando-collor-de-mello live Following the end of state repression of socialist parties, the Brazilian Left faced a fractured field defined by two primary candidates: Popular labour leader Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, known as Lula, of the industrial ABC Region of São Paulo,Ramalho José Ricardo Rodrigues Iram Jácome Sindicalismo do ABC e a Era Lula: Contradições e Resistências August 2018 http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0102-64452018000200067&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=pt Lua Nova: Revista de Cultura e Política en 104 67–96 10.1590/0102-067096/104 0102-6445 free 2020-12-01 2021-01-27 https://web.archive.org/web/20210127220547/http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0102-64452018000200067&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=pt live and Leonel Brizola, a longtime staple of the Brazilian Left who had served as Governor of Rio Grande do Sul prior to the 1964 military coup.Elizangela 2018-01-21 Brizola 1989: eleições livres ou golpe? https://www.pdt.org.br/index.php/brizola-1989-eleicoes-livres-ou-golpe/ 2020-12-01 PDT pt-BR 2021-01-27 https://web.archive.org/web/20210127234315/https://www.pdt.org.br/index.php/brizola-1989-eleicoes-livres-ou-golpe/ live Lula was widely known in Brazil for his role leading the highly publicized metalworkers' strike in the State of São Paulo during the late 1970sRichard Bourne Lula of Brazil: The Story So Far 19 October 2009 University of California Press 978-0520261556 and had been elected a federal deputy in 1986 with the most votes nationwide.Eleições 2006 – Com votação recorde, Lula chega ao segundo mandato http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Eleicoes/0,,AA1330800-6282,00.html 3 October 2010 G1 Grupo Globo 4 March 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002559/http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Eleicoes/0,,AA1330800-6282,00.html live Lula ran as a member of the Workers' Party (PT), a left-wing party he helped found in 1980. For his running mate, Lula chose Senator José Paulo Bisol of Rio Grande do Sul, a member of the Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB), to unite the left. In the first round, Lula narrowly defeated Brizola, who was running as a member of the Democratic Labour Party (PDT), for a position in the runoff.Jacky Picard, ed. Le Brésil de Lula: Les défis d'un socialisme démocratique à la périphérie du capitalisme. Paris: Khartala, 2003, page 81 The general election was marked by negative campaigning, with Collor accusing Lula of supporting divisive class struggle.Brooke James 1989-12-13 Polls Show Brazilian Leftist Candidate Closing Gap as Election Day Nears (Published 1989) en-US The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/13/world/polls-show-brazilian-leftist-candidate-closing-gap-as-election-day-nears.html 2020-12-01 0362-4331 2021-07-30 https://web.archive.org/web/20210730141930/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/13/world/polls-show-brazilian-leftist-candidate-closing-gap-as-election-day-nears.html live The role of Rede Globo, the largest and most-watched TV network in Brazil, in Collor's election remains controversial.Cavgias Alexsandros Corbi Raphael Meloni Luis Novaes Lucas M. 2023 Media Manipulation in Young Democracies: Evidence From the 1989 Brazilian Presidential Election http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00104140231169027 Comparative Political Studies 57 2 221–253 en 10.1177/00104140231169027 258937696 0010-4140 2023-05-28 2023-05-28 https://web.archive.org/web/20230528194851/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00104140231169027 live subscription Following a tumultuous election cycle, Collor defeated Lula to become the first directly elected President of Brazil in almost thirty years. Collor would later resign from office facing an impending impeachment trial.1992-12-30 Brazil President Resigns in Wake of Impeachment https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-12-30-mn-2585-story.html 2020-12-01 Los Angeles Times en-US 2022-10-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20221024182326/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-12-30-mn-2585-story.html live Background Redemocratization in Brazil Military dictatorship in Brazil On January 15, 1985, following two decades of a US-backed right-wing military dictatorship, in power since the 1964 Brazilian coup d'état, Tancredo Neves of the Brazilian Democratic Movement, the opposition party in a military junta-imposed two-party system, was indirectly elected president by Congress. The government was an authoritarian illiberal democracy which directly elected representatives, but not the president. It was in a process of slow liberalization since the 1974 indirect election of Ernesto Geisel, who was more permissive of political dissent than his hard-liner predecessor, Emílio Garrastazu Médici. Neves was the first civilian to be elected president since 1960. However, Neves was hospitalized of an untreated cancer on the eve of his inauguration, and finally died in 21 April, before taking office. José Sarney, the Vice-president-elect, was immediately sworn in. The legitimacy of Sarney's appointment was widely questioned,April 2020 since Neves had died as president-elect without ever taking office. Sarney was seen with suspicion by the civilian population as a member of the military regime's party, the National Renewal Alliance. The support of General Leônidas Pires Gonçalves, slated to be Minister of the Army in Neves' future cabinet, was decisive for Sarney taking office.April 2020 Nevertheless, as promised by Neves, Sarney led a transitional government which allowed for liberalization of the authoritarian military government. In 1986, he called for elections to form a constituent assembly, which designed and promulgated the seventh and current constitution of Brazil on October 5, 1988. A markedly liberal democratic and social democratic constitution, it prescribed first-past-the-post two-round direct elections for executive and legislative seats at the federal, state, and municipal levels, and set the date for the 1989 election. It also provided for freedom of expression and legalized formerly clandestine parties such as the Brazilian Communist Party and the Brazilian Socialist Party. Candidates Candidates in the runoff Party Presidential candidate Running mateefn1 Same party as the presidential candidate, unless mentioned in parentheses Coalition 80pxNational Reconstruction Party 100px Fernando CollorGovernor of Alagoas (1987–1989) 100px Itamar FrancoSenator from Minas Gerais New Brazil: National Reconstruction Party Renewal Labour Party Social Christian Party Social Labour Party 80pxWorkers' Party 100px Lula da SilvaFederal Deputy 100px José Paulo Bisol (PSB)Senator from Rio Grande do Sul Popular Brazil Front: Workers' Party Brazilian Socialist Party Communist Party of Brazil Candidates not advanced to runoff Party Presidential candidate Running mateefn1 Coalition 80pxBrazilian Communist Party 100px Roberto FreireFederal Deputy Sérgio AroucaPresident of Fiocruz (1985–1989) 80pxBrazilian Labour Party 100px Affonso Camargo NettoSenator from Paraná José Roberto Faria Lima 80pxBrazilian Municipalist Party 100px Armando CorrêaPresident of the party Agostinho Linhares 80pxBrazilian People's Party Antônio PedreiraPresident of the party Orestes Ferreira Alves 80pxBrazilian Social Democracy Party 100px Mário CovasSenator from São Paulo 100px Almir GabrielSenator from Pará 80pxDemocratic Labour Party 100px Leonel BrizolaGovernor of Rio de Janeiro (1983–1987) 100px Fernando LyraFederal Deputy 80pxDemocratic Social Party 100px Paulo MalufGovernor of São Paulo (1979–1982) 100px Bonifácio de AndradaFederal Deputy 80pxGreen Party 100px Fernando Gabeira Maurício Lobo Abreu 80pxLiberal Party 100px Guilherme AfifFederal Deputy 100px Aluísio Pimenta (PDC) Christian Liberal Alliance: Liberal Party Christian Democratic Party 80pxNational Communitarian Party Zamir José Teixeira William Pereira da SilvaPresident of the party 80pxNationalist Party Lívia Maria Pio Ardwin Retto Grünewald 80pxNational Mobilization Party Celso BrantPresident of the party José Natan 80pxBrazilian Democratic Movement Party 100px Ulysses GuimarãesFederal Deputy 100px Waldir PiresGovernor of Bahia (1987–1989) 80pxChristian Democracy Party of Brazil Manoel Horta Jorge Coelho de Sá 80pxLiberal Front Party 100px Aureliano ChavesMinister of Mines and Energy (1985–1988) 100px Cláudio LemboSecretary of Legal Affairs of São Paulo (1986–1989) 80pxParty of the Reconstruction of the National Order 100px Enéas CarneiroPresident of the party Lenine Madeira People's Party Paulo GontijoPresident of the party Luiz Paulino 80pxProgressive Liberal Party Eudes Mattar Dante Lazzaroni Júnior 80pxSocial Democratic Party 100px Ronaldo CaiadoLeader of the Ruralist Democratic Union Camillo Calazans (PDN) City-Country Union: Social Democratic Party National Democratic Party 80pxSocial Progressive Party MarronzinhoPresident of the party Reinaldo Valim Campaign Most political parties were relatively new but managed to actively mobilise the population,April 2020 with the election coming five years after massive demonstrations for direct elections in the late 1980s Diretas Já movement had called for the end of the military regime. Sarney was barred by the 1988 constitution from running for immediate reelection as a vice president ascending to the office of president counts as a full term. Twenty-two candidates entered the race, a record number of candidates in a single presidential election. The 1989 elections were the first in which the president and vice-president were jointly elected as running mates. Among the twenty-two candidates, only Ulysses Guimarães and Paulo Maluf had previously run for the presidency, although Jânio Quadros planned to run but eventually dropped his candidacy. Aureliano Chaves had also previously served as vice-president. Orestes Quercia, a member of Sarney's Brazilian Democratic Movement, led the polls until he decided to drop out of the contest.https://exame.abril.com.br/brasil/a-eleicao-de-2018-sera-como-a-de-1989-sim-e-nao-segundo-o-ubs/ A eleição de 2018 será como a de 1989? Sim e não, segundo o UBS | EXAME 2018-10-28 2018-10-28 https://web.archive.org/web/20181028073949/https://exame.abril.com.br/brasil/a-eleicao-de-2018-sera-como-a-de-1989-sim-e-nao-segundo-o-ubs/ dead TV host Silvio Santos announced he would run just 20 days before the election, but his candidacy was mired in uncertainty and eventually revoked by the Superior Electoral Court because of a technicality.https://www.terra.com.br/noticias/eleicoes/ha-25-anos-silvio-santos-tentou-presidencia-voce-votaria,b08df5b2bb568410VgnVCM20000099cceb0aRCRD.html Terra 28 April 2020 Há 25 anos, Silvio Santos tentou presidência; você votaria? 30 August 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200830113347/https://www.terra.com.br/noticias/eleicoes/ha-25-anos-silvio-santos-tentou-presidencia-voce-votaria,b08df5b2bb568410VgnVCM20000099cceb0aRCRD.html live The first round took place on November 15, 1989, the 100th anniversary of the republican coup which deposed Pedro II of Brazil and proclaimed the First Brazilian Republic. Since no candidate managed to win a majority of votes, a second round was held on December 17, featuring the two top finishers: Fernando Collor de Mello of the economically liberal right-wing populist National Reconstruction Party and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of the social democratic left-wing populist Workers' Party. Both candidates had a reputation as outsiders. Despite being a charismatic leader, Lula failed to attract the majority of votes from poor, unskilled and semiskilled workers – who would, later on, form the basis of the Workers' Party electorate. These voters predominantly favored Collor, who was associated with the traditional economic elites of northeastern Brazil. Lula's support was greater among progressive intellectuals, Catholic activists, skilled industrial workers, and the college-educated middle class of the South and Southeast, despite himself being a poor immigrant from the Northeast.April 2020 Collor argued that Lula's plans of aggressive spending on inequality reduction programs would destroy Brazil's then-fragile economy, harming the poor people he claimed to champion. He also appealed to his young age and distanced himself from the previous military governments, as well as from the newer political elites who had supported the Sarney government and its Plano Cruzado, which had failed to stop hyperinflation. After Leonel Brizola was defeated in the first round, he supported Lula, with his support being considered crucial to Lula's strong performance in Rio Grande do Sul in the second round.Wendy Hunter, The Transformation of the Workers' Party in Brazil, 1989–2009. Cambridge University Press, 2010, 978-0-521-51455-2, page 111 Ultimately, Collor was elected with a six-point lead. His initial widespread support,April 2020 based on his strong rhetoric against corruption,April 2020 quickly vanishedApril 2020 in the wake of his 1992 impeachment for corruption charges, leading to Collor resigning from office in an unsuccessful attempt to stop the proceedings. Lula would go on to be elected president for the first time in the 2002 elections, win a second term in the 2006 contest and be elected president for the second time in the 2022 elections. The Workers' Party also won the presidency twice more with Dilma Rousseff, a protégé of Lula, in the 2010 and 2014 elections. The party would remain in power until her impeachment in 2016 and the 2018 election of right-wing populist Jair Bolsonaro. Debates First round Following the first round, Rede Globo aired a debate between Lula and Collor live. During the broadcast of primetime news program Jornal Nacional on the following day, an edited-down highlight reel of the debate was aired. Critics argued that it highlighted Collor's best moments and Lula's worst ones, and that coverage was sympathetical to Collor, who was supposedly close to Globo's CEO Roberto Marinho. The event was explored on the British Channel 4 documentary Beyond Citizen Kane, which features an interview with then head of journalism at Globo, Armando Nogueira, where he says his edit of the debate was edited so as to favor Collor and claims that after complaining to Marinho about the edit, he was dismissed from the company. SomeApril 2020 attribute Collor's electoral victory to this particular event and other media coverage, such as a Jornal do Brasil article claiming Lula had fathered an illegitimate daughter. Later, Collor's campaign contacted Lula's ex-girlfriend, the mother of the child in question, and claimed that Lula had asked her to perform an abortion. This is said to be compounded by a prohibition on electoral advertising immediately preceding an election, which prevented Lula from responding to the accusations.April 2020 The kidnapping of wealthy businessman Abilio Diniz on the day of the election by alleged supporters of PT is believed to have harmed Lula, who was legally forbidden from speaking to the press on election day to disavow the crime due to Brazilian election rules.Globo Acervo-Jornal O. Sequestro do empresário Abilio Diniz agitou campanha presidencial em 1989 https://acervo.oglobo.globo.com/em-destaque/sequestro-do-empresario-abilio-diniz-agitou-campanha-presidencial-em-1989-15745169 2020-12-01 Acervo pt-br 2021-01-27 https://web.archive.org/web/20210127223313/https://acervo.oglobo.globo.com/em-destaque/sequestro-do-empresario-abilio-diniz-agitou-campanha-presidencial-em-1989-15745169 live A 2023 study found that Rede Globo's media coverage on the eve of the election led Lula to lose millions of votes. 1989 Brazilian presidential election debates No. Number Date Hosts Moderators ParticipantsKey:#90FF90 P Present #FFFFDD A Absent #E7E7FF O Invited to other debate #FF9090 N Not invited#FFF PRN#FFF PT#FFF PDT#FFF PSDB#FFF PDS#FFF PL#FFF PMDB#FFF PCB#FFF PFL#FFF PSD#FFF PTB Collor Lula Brizola Covas Maluf Afif Ulysses Freire Chaves Caiado Camargo 1 Monday, 17 July 1989 Rede Bandeirantes Marília Gabriela 2.1 Monday, 14 August 1989 Rede Bandeirantes Marília Gabriela 2.2 Tuesday, 15 August 1989 3 Monday, 16 October 1989 Rede Bandeirantes Marília Gabriela 4 Sunday, 5 November 1989 Rede Bandeirantes Marília Gabriela 5 Sunday, 12 November 1989 SBT Boris Casoy Second round 1989 Brazilian presidential election debates No. Number Date Hosts Moderators ParticipantsKey:#90FF90 P Present #FFFFDD A Absent#FFF PRN#FFF PT Collor Lula 1 Sunday, 3 December 1989 Rede Manchete Alexandre GarciaBoris CasoyEliakim AraújoMarília Gabriela 2 Thursday, 14 December 1989 Rede Bandeirantes Alexandre GarciaBoris CasoyEliakim AraújoMarília Gabriela Opinion polls First round +Polling aggregates Active candidates #0087DC Fernando Collor (PRN) #CC0000 Lula (PT) #FF0000 Leonel Brizola (PDT) #0080FF Mário Covas (PSDB) #0067A5 Paulo Maluf (PDS) #FF7F00 Afif Domingos (PL) #2E8B57 Ulysses Guimarães (PMDB) #808080 Others #000000 Abstentions/Undecided Pollster/client(s) Date(s)conducted Samplesize CollorPRN LulaPT BrizolaPDT CovasPSDB MalufPDS AfifPL GuimarãesPMDB Others Abst.Undec. Lead 1989 election 15 Nov – 30.48% 17.19% 16.51% 11.52% 8.85% 4.84% 4.74% 5.87% 6.45% 13.29% Datafolha 15 NovExit Exit poll conducted on election day. 10,645 30% 18% 14% 10% 8% 4% 4% – 6% 12% Datafolha 14 Nov – 26% 15% 14% 11% 9% 5% 5% 4% 11% 11% Datafolha 10 Nov – 27% 15% 14% 11% 9% 5% 4% 5% 10% 12% Datafolha 6–7 Nov – 25% 15% 14% 9% 7% 4% 4% 13%Sílvio Santos (PMB) with 10% 9% 10% Datafolha 1–3 Nov – 21% 14% 13% 9% 7% 4% 4% 17%Sílvio Santos (PMB) with 14% 13% 7% Datafolha 25–26 Oct 5,251 26% 14% 15% 9% 9% 5% 4% 5%Aureliano Chaves (PFL) with 1% 13% 11% Datafolha 18–19 Oct 5,261 26% 14% 15% 8% 9% 7% 3% 5%Chaves Aureliano Chaves (PFL) with 1% 13% 11% Datafolha 7–8 Oct 4,893 29% 10% 13% 7% 8% 8% 3% 4%Chaves Aureliano Chaves (PFL) with 1% 17% 16% Datafolha 23–24 Sep 5,057 33% 7% 15% 6% 7% 7% 3% 5%Chaves Aureliano Chaves (PFL) with 1% 17% 18% Datafolha 2–3 Sep 4,981 40% 6% 14% 5% 8% 5% 2% 4%Chaves Aureliano Chaves (PFL) with 1% 16% 26% Datafolha 19–20 Aug 5,079 41% 5% 14% 5% 7% 3% 3% 4%Chaves Aureliano Chaves (PFL) with 1% 18% 27% Datafolha 22–23 Jul 5,156 38% 6% 12% 6% 7% 2% 4% 4%Chaves Aureliano Chaves (PFL) with 1% 21% 26% Datafolha 1–2 Jul 10,212 40% 7% 12% 6% 5% 2% 5% 5%Chaves2 Aureliano Chaves (PFL) with 2% 18% 28% Datafolha 3–4 Jun 10,447 42% 7% 11% 5% 4% 1% 5% 4%Chaves2 Aureliano Chaves (PFL) with 2% 21% 31% Datafolha 23–24 Apr 10,421 14% 12% 13% 6% 5% 1% – 24%Orestes Quércia (PMDB) with 18%; Jânio Quadros with 4% 21% 4% Second round +Polling aggregates Active candidates #0087DC Fernando Collor (PRN) #CC0000 Lula (PT) #000000 Abstentions/Undecided Pollster/client(s) Date(s)conducted Samplesize CollorPRN LulaPT Abst.Undec. Lead 1989 election 17 Dec – 53.03% 46.97% 5.42% 6.06% Datafolha 17 DecExit Exit poll conducted on election day. 11,995 51.5% 48.5% – 3.0% Datafolha 16 Dec 11,995 47% 44% 10% 3% Datafolha 12–13 Dec 5,250 46% 45% 9% 1% Datafolha 8 Dec 5,250 47% 44% 9% 3% Datafolha 4 Dec 5,250 49% 41% 10% 9% Datafolha 30 Nov 5,250 50% 40% 10% 10% Datafolha 22 Nov 5,716 48% 39% 13% 9% Results Fernando Collor received the most votes in most states, except for the Federal District, where Lula came first, and Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, won by Leonel Brizola. In the second round, Lula won in Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, the Federal District, and his home state of Pernambuco, whilst Collor carried every other state.Brazil. Presidential Election 1989 https://web.archive.org/web/20140707070334/http://www.electoralgeography.com/new/en/countries/b/brazil/brazil-presidential-election-1989.html 2014-07-07 Electoral Geography Fernando Collor National Reconstruction Party 20611030 35090206 #0B6202 Lula da Silva Workers' Party 11622321 31075803 Leonel Brizola Democratic Labour Party 11167665 Mário Covas Brazilian Social Democracy Party 7790381 Paulo Maluf Democratic Social Party 5986585 Guilherme Afif Liberal Party 3272520 Ulysses Guimarães Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement 3204996 Roberto Freire Brazilian Communist Party 769117 Aureliano Chaves Party of the Liberal Front 600821 #09077B Ronaldo Caiado Social Democratic Party 488893 Affonso Camargo Brazilian Labour Party 379284 Enéas Carneiro Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order 360578 Marronzinho Social Progressive Party 238408 #FFDE59 Paulo Gontijo People's Party 198710 pink Zamir Teixeira National Communitarian Party 187164 orange Lívia Maria Nationalist Party 179925 purple Eudes Mattar Progressive Liberal Party 162343 magenta Fernando Gabeira Green Party 125844 Celso Brant Party of National Mobilization 109903 Antônio Pedreira Brazilian People's Party 86107 white Manoel Horta Party of the Christian Democracy of Brazil 83291 #1F1A81 Armando CorrêaOn 9 November 1989, the Superior Electoral Court revoked the provisional registry of the Brazilian Municipalist Party, for not having held the minimum number of regional conventions required by law. Armando Corrêa was therefore disqualified for the election, and all votes cast for the candidate were annulled.Reis Alessandra V. Partido Municipalista Brasileiro (PMB) https://www18.fgv.br/cpdoc/acervo/dicionarios/verbete-tematico/partido-municipalista-brasileiro-pmb FGV CPDOC 28 November 2023 pt Brazilian Municipalist Party 0 #0085FF 4664330 4094692 82074718 82074718 Superior Electoral Court By federative unit First round Federative unitCollorLulaBrizolaCovasMalufAfifUlyssesOther candidates Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Acre 49,862 38.95% 22,954 17.93% 8,582 6.70% 3,716 2.90% 12,882 10.06% 7,149 5.58% 14,580 11.39% 8,285 6.47% Alagoas 554,612 64.38% 76,227 8.85% 63,071 7.32% 67,240 7.81% 9,253 1.07% 26,869 3.12% 9,138 1.06% 55,060 6.39% Amapá 42,255 48.42% 21,026 24.09% 4,935 5.65% 3,695 4.23%1,9602.25%4,3234.95%3,8834.45%5,1945.95% Amazonas 300,848 50.49% 125,406 21.05% 26,129 4.39% 36,380 6.11%24,8324.17%36,5446.13%17,3032.90%28,4274.77% Bahia 1,408,614 34.77% 1,050,444 25.93% 229,186 5.66% 248,803 6.14%72,2001.78%100,9702.49%638,00715.75%302,8517.48% Ceará 861,030 33.09% 321,526 12.36% 505,440 19.43% 477,286 18.34%108,8774.18%60,2282.31%85,4063.28%182,0637.00% Espírito Santo 468,910 39.62% 264,983 22.39% 105,093 8.88% 118,048 9.97%32,2212.72%45,6443.86%71,4086.03%77,2636.53% Federal District 172,818 22.75% 220,720 29.06% 71,719 9.44% 135,227 17.81%31,3644.13%48,0686.33%26,1673.45%53,3977.03% Goiás 803,199 45.39% 298,261 16.86% 70,146 3.96% 101,514 5.74%80,3764.54%111,8086.32%157,3558.89%146,8528.30% Maranhão 609,758 46.93% 255,586 19.67% 116,539 8.97% 44,154 3.40%35,9392.77%54,0214.16%72,7945.60%110,4718.50% Mato Grosso 344,973 46.60% 76,700 10.36% 75,194 10.16% 33,472 4.52%43,6795.90%66,9169.04%56,2097.59%43,1325.83% Mato Grosso do Sul 436,539 53.23% 73,697 8.99% 63,721 7.77% 50,465 6.15%47,2375.76%60,0617.32%44,1305.38%44.3135.40% Minas Gerais 2,801,422 36.12% 1,792,789 23.11% 418,935 5.40% 799,227 10.30%275,6693.55%503,0276.48%459,3085.92%706,5159.11% Pará 793,384 52.01% 294,981 19.34% 52,361 3.43% 101,282 6.64%62,8484.12%65,4194.29%66,3844.35%88,6675.81% Paraíba 457,129 35.16% 313,895 24.14% 186,076 14.31% 94,774 7.29%33,7772.60%25,6591.97%97,6347.51%91,2477.02% Paraná 1,738,216 40.64% 353,907 8.27% 616,170 14.41% 325,652 7.61%319,9327.48%494,60811.56%144,6873.38%284,0526.64% Pernambuco 1,066,986 37.74% 950,189 33.61% 265,548 9.39% 101,093 3.58%43,5181.54%70,0932.48%89,9913.18%239,4108.47% Piauí 383,632 39.75% 219,406 22.73% 93,507 9.69% 48,763 5.05%38,2363.96%36,8293.82%61,0376.32%83,6628.67% Rio de Janeiro 1,189,385 16.07% 904,223 12.22% 3,855,561 52.09% 643,786 8.70%115,6561.56%191,7512.59%124,7521.69%376,3895.09% Rio Grande do Norte 326,878 33.37% 239,010 24.40% 78,259 7.99% 56,768 5.80%52,5465.36%20,8462.13%139,09314.20%66,0846.75% Rio Grande do Sul 480,842 9.23% 350,062 6.72% 3,262,925 62.66% 249,384 4.79%309,4065.94%178,3113.42%185,4333.56%190,8263.66% Rondônia 165,607 42.82% 75,532 19.53% 39,650 10.25% 13,718 3.55%24,9346.45%26,1236.75%19,3705.01%21,8005.64% Roraima 32,130 59.72% 5,417 10.07% 5,092 9.47% 2,944 5.47%1,3772.56%2,2524.19%1,5892.95%2,9965.57% Santa Catarina 566,990 23.52% 255,015 10.58% 632,170 26.22% 177,980 7.38%236,1519.79%206,9578.58%242,75710.07%93,0423.86% São Paulo 4,085,223 24.40% 2,921,970 17.45% 252,651 1.51% 3,802,330 22.71%3,934,33423.50%807,9444.83%331,5761.98%605,3163.62% Sergipe 301,730 50.81% 108,002 18.19% 55,751 9.39% 39,499 6.65%23,5503.97%9,7441.64%12,1612.05%43,4427.31% Tocantins 164,964 57.08% 27,888 9.65% 11,605 4.02% 9,739 3.37%13,2584.59%9,8223.40%32,70111.32%19,0236.58% Abroad 3,094 24.66% 2,505 19.96% 1,649 13.14% 3,442 27.43%5734.57%5344.26%1431.14%6094.85% Source: Superior Electoral Court Second round Federative unitCollorLula Votes % Votes % Acre 89,103 69.18% 39,695 30.82% Alagoas 683,920 76.07% 215,177 23.93% Amapá 53,780 64.25% 29,926 35.75% Amazonas 397,103 66.79% 197,431 33.21% Bahia 2,118,307 51.68% 1,980,907 48.32% Ceará 1,478,288 56.91% 1,119,367 43.09% Espírito Santo 689,981 59.30% 473,597 40.70% Federal District 268,963 37.32% 451,780 62.68% Goiás 1,160,446 68.44% 535,142 31.56% Maranhão 867,188 62.44% 521,753 37.56% Mato Grosso 475,046 66.39% 240,486 33.61% Mato Grosso do Sul 579,064 72.85% 215,859 27.15% Minas Gerais 4,186,658 55.51% 3,355,125 44.49% Pará 1,105,646 72.49% 419,643 27.51% Paraíba 740,208 54.97% 606,446 45.03% Paraná 2,793,218 67.29% 1,357,754 32.71% Pernambuco 1,455,747 49.10% 1,509,102 50.90% Piauí 590,594 58.92% 411,814 41.08% Rio de Janeiro 1,941,499 27.08% 5,227,886 72.92% Rio Grande do Norte 535,195 52.59% 482,463 47.41% Rio Grande do Sul 1,532,824 31.28% 3,366,795 68.72% Rondônia 234,272 63.25% 136,123 36.75% Roraima 39,916 76.35% 12,364 23.65% Santa Catarina 1,167,689 50.32% 1,152,730 49.68% São Paulo 9,270,501 57.90% 6,739,403 42.10% Sergipe 403,480 65.89% 208,829 34.11% Tocantins 227,029 78.39% 62,576 21.61% Abroad 4,541 44.65% 5,630 55.35% Source: Superior Electoral Court Notes References External links "The Presidential Election of 1989" by U.S. Library of Congress "Electoral Geography 2.0 - Brazilian Presidential Election 1989" (votes by state) "Brazil 1989 Presidential Election" https://web.archive.org/web/20090109200604/http://www.binghamton.edu/cdp/era/elections/bra89pres.html 2009-01-09 A case study on 1989 Brazilian presidential elections, The University of Oxford Brazil President Category:Presidential elections in Brazil Brazil