1878 Atlantic hurricane season

none March 2012 Atl 1878 July 1, 1878 December 2, 1878 Seven 938 120 1 12 10 2 >161 > 3.38 1878 Atlantic hurricane season summary.png 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880 The 1878 Atlantic hurricane season featured twelve known tropical cyclones, tied with 1886 and 1893 for the second-most active season in the latter half of the 19th century. Of the twelve tropical storms, eight strengthened into hurricanes, while two of those intensified into major hurricanes.A major hurricane is a storm that ranks as Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration May 2024 North Atlantic Hurricane Basin (1851-2023) Comparison of Original and Revised HURDAT February 27, 2025 http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/comparison_table.html Miami, Florida "nb" However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated.Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Present and Future The Atlantic hurricane database re-analysis project: Documentation for the 1851–1910 alterations and additions to the HURDAT database Landsea Christopher W. Murname, Richard J. Liu, Kam-biu 2004 Columbia University Press New York City, New York https://books.google.com/books?id=4jC6ljADbsIC&q=1851%201886%20zero 195 0-231-12388-4 February 18, 2025 Of the known 1878 cyclones, both the third and fourth systems were first documented in 1995 by meteorologists José Fernández-Partagás and Henry F. Díaz, who also proposed large changes to the known tracks of the second, seventh, and eighth storms. Further analysis in the early 21st century by the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project extended the duration of the third system by one day and identified major track changes for the fifth system. However, climate researcher Michael Chenoweth authored a reanalysis study, published in 2014, which concluded that the 1878 season featured a total of seventeen tropical cyclones, with the addition of five undocumented or previously excluded systems from the official hurricane database (HURDAT). Chenoweth also proposed some alterations to the track and intensity of each existing storm. However, these changes have yet to be incorporated into HURDAT. Seasonal activity began by July 1, when stormy conditions associated with the first system started to impact Florida. All three known cyclones in August intensified into hurricanes and impacted land. Another three systems formed in September and each of them also strengthened into a hurricane. The last of the three, the seventh overall, became the most intense cyclone of the season, peaking as a Category 4 hurricane on the present-day Saffir–Simpson scale. Prior to this, the storm struck Haiti, leading to an unknown number of deaths when a brigantine capsized. Earlier in September, the fifth cyclone inflicted more than $919,000 (1878 USD) throughout its path and killed at least 60 people, with the dead rumored in the hundreds across the Caribbean, particularly in Haiti.All values in 1878 USD unless otherwise noted. "nb" In mid-October, the season's eighth storm drowned 27 people offshore New England. Later that month, the eleventh cyclone, the Gale of 1878, rendered substantial storm surge and wind damage throughout the Eastern United States, with 71 deaths and more than $2.46 million in damage. A record-tying five hurricanes existed in the month of October. The twelfth and final known system, which drowned three people in Puerto Rico, was last noted south of Jamaica on December 2. __TOC__ Season summary The Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT) recognizes twelve tropical cyclones for 1878 in the Atlantic basin, the highest number in a single season until 1887 and tied with 1886 and 1893 for the second-highest in the latter half of the 19th century. Ten storms attained hurricane status, with winds of 74 mph (118 km/h) or greater, while two of those intensified into major hurricane. The seventh hurricane peaked as a Category 4 hurricane on the present-day Saffir–Simpson scale with maximum sustained winds up to 140 mph (220 km/h) and a minimum atmospheric pressure of 938 mbar inHg on on, making it a major hurricane. Meteorologists José Fernández-Partagás and Henry F. Diaz first documented the third and fourth cyclones in 1995, while also significantly modifying the tracks of the second, seven, and eighth storms.Fernández-Partagás José 3 https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/Partagas/1877-1880/intro_77-80.pdf 1995 A Reconstruction of Historical Tropical Cyclone Frequency in the Atlantic from Documentary and other Historical Sources : 1851-1880 Part II: 1871-1880 Storms of 1877 - 1880 Climate Diagnostics Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Boulder, Colorado February 26, 2025 In the early 21st century, Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project extended the duration of the third system by one day and implemented a major adjustment to the fifth system's track based on a study by Cuban meteorologist Ramón Pérez Suárez.Landsea, Christopher W. etal May 2015 Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT National Hurricane Center Hurricane Research Division https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html#1878_1 December 4, 2024 However, a 2014 study by climate researcher Michael Chenoweth recommended the addition of five new cyclones and some alterations to the track and intensity of each existing storm. Chenoweth's study utilizes a more extensive collection of newspapers and ship logs, as well as late 19th century weather maps for the first time, in comparison to previous reanalysis projects. However, Chenoweth's proposals have yet to be incorporated into HURDAT. Seasonal activity began by July 1, the day when Florida began reporting stormy conditions associated with the season's first cyclone.Fernández-Partagás Diaz 1995 21 After this storm was last noted on July 3, more than a month passed before the Lesser Antilles detected the season's second cyclone on August 8. Three systems formed in August, all of which strengthened into hurricanes; each also impacted land. Another three systems formed in September and each of them also strengthened into a hurricane. The first of the three, the fifth cyclone, caused more than $919,000 in losses at least 60 deaths from the Caribbean to the United States and Canada. Some sources suggest that hundreds of fatalities occurred in the Greater and Lesser Antilles,Barnes 1998 70 particularly in Haiti.Rappaport Edward N. Fernández-Partagás José Edward Rappaport The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1996 NWS NHC 47 National Weather Service, National Hurricane Center April 22, 1997 May 28, 1995 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadly.shtml? Appendix 2: Cyclones that may have 25+ deaths https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp2.shtml? February 18, 2025 Prior to becoming a Category 4 hurricane, the seventh hurricane struck Haiti as a Category 1 hurricane, compounding the impacts of the fifth storm. With the seventh cyclone existing until at least October 8 and four additional hurricanes forming later that month, this was the most active October on record in terms of number of hurricanes, tied with 1870, 1950, and 2010.https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/tropical-cyclones/202410 October 2024 Tropical Cyclones Report National Centers for Environmental Information November 2024 February 28, 2025 The season's eighth storm drowned 27 people offshore New England in mid-October, while the eleventh cyclone, also known as the Gale of 1878, rendered substantial storm surge and wind damage throughout the Eastern United States near the end of the month, with over 71 deaths and more than $2.46 million in damage. After the eleventh storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on October 23, the twelfth and final system was first detected east of the Lesser Antilles on November 25. Causing three deaths in Puerto Rico, the cyclone was last noted over the Caribbean Sea south of Jamaica on December 2. Collectively, the storms of the 1878 Atlantic hurricane season caused more than 161 fatalities and over $3.38 million in damage.View expanded list of sources September 22, 1878 September 23, 1878 A West India Hurricane https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-buffalo-commercial/166735479/ The Buffalo Commercial 47 15702 New York City Buffalo, New York 2 Newspapers.com https://www.newspapers.com/article/boston-post/157411811/ Foreign News 95 71 New York City Boston 2 September 22, 1878 September 23, 1878 Boston Post February 27, 2025 Newspapers.com September 14, 1878 October 12, 1878 The Hayti Hurricane https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-western-sun/166736265/ The Western Sun 74 13 Port-au-Prince, Haiti Vincennes, Indiana 2 Newspapers.com Barometric pressure Monthly Weather Review September 1878 6 9 3; 4 U.S. Army Signal Corps Washington, D.C. 10.1175/1520-0493(1878)69[1b:BP]2.0.CO;2 free 1878MWRv....6RT..1. https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00048571/00073/zoom/5 September 14, 1878 The Blow 3 27 6 Sunland Tribune Tampa, Florida 26 February 2025 University of Florida Digital Collections September 17, 1878 Macon, Georgia Storm in Charleston https://www.newspapers.com/article/georgia-weekly-telegraph-journal-and-me/179448375/ Georgia Weekly Telegraph, Journal and Messenger 53 2 Newspapers.com Grazulis Thomas P. Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events July 1993 The Tornado Project of Environmental Films St. Johnsbury, Vermont 596 1-879362-03-1 Hudgins James E. 2000 Tropical Cyclones Affecting North Carolina since 1566 – An Historical Perspective National Weather Service (NWS) Technical Memos 14 ER-92, Tropical Cyclones Affecting North Carolina Blacksburg, Virginia Seattle National Weather Service NOAA Seattle Library 25 April 2023 http://repository.wrclib.noaa.gov/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=nws_tech_memos https://web.archive.org/web/20070311045226/http://repository.wrclib.noaa.gov/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=nws_tech_memos 11 March 2007 Winds Monthly Weather Review September 1878 6 9 10–11 U.S. Army Signal Corps Washington, D.C. 10.1175/1520-0493(1878)69[10b:W]2.0.CO;2 free 1878MWRv....6RS.10. September 17, 1878 Macon, Georgia The Georgia press https://www.newspapers.com/article/georgia-weekly-telegraph-journal-and-me/179448436/ Georgia Weekly Telegraph, Journal and Messenger 53 6 Newspapers.com A Victim of the Freshet September 19, 1878 September 20, 1878 Dennison, Ohio Cincinnati https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-cincinnati-enquirer/187037441/ The Cincinnati Enquirer 36 262 1 Newspapers.com Cincinnati DeLand, Florida September 14, 1878 September 18, 1878 Home news https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-florida-agriculturist/179448320/ Florida Agriculturalist 152 1 19 Newspapers.com Work of the Great Storm September 14, 1878 September 15, 1878 Cincinnati New York City https://www.proquest.com/docview/93744760 registration New York Times 27 8427 1 93744760 A Severe Autumn Storm September 13, 1878 September 14, 1878 Cleveland, Ohio New York City https://www.proquest.com/docview/93769072 registration New York Times 27 8427 1 93769072 The Storm in the West September 16, 1878 September 17, 1878 Cincinnati New York City https://www.proquest.com/docview/93740843 registration New York Times 27 8429 5 93740843 The Great Storm September 13, 1878 September 14, 1878 Erie, Pennsylvania Philadelphia https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-philadelphia-times/4946556/ Philadelphia Times Special 1098 1 Newspapers.com Part 2 Terrific Gales and Flooding Rains September 13, 1878 September 19, 1878 Richmond, Virginia Harrisonburg, Virginia https://www.newspapers.com/article/rockingham-register/187028469/ Rockingham Register 56 45 2 Newspapers.com The Flood September 19, 1878 Conneautville, Pennsylvania https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-conneautville-courier/27870220/ Conneautville Courier 31 44 2 Newspapers.com The Storm in West Virginia–Damage to Railroad Trains September 13, 1878 September 14, 1878 Cannelton, West Virginia Richmond, Virginia https://www.newspapers.com/article/richmond-dispatch/187028061/ Richmond Dispatch Special 54 67 1 Newspapers.com The Dead September 17, 1878 September 19, 1878 Cannelton, West Virginia Richmond, Virginia https://www.newspapers.com/article/richmond-dispatch/187095942/ Daily Dispatch West Virginia Letter 54 71 1 Newspapers.com In the Vicinity of Richmond September 14, 1878 https://www.newspapers.com/article/richmond-dispatch/187028097/ Richmond Dispatch 54 67 1 Newspapers.com Part 2 Cincinnati DeLand, Florida September 14, 1878 September 18, 1878 Home news https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-florida-agriculturist/179448320/ Florida Agriculturalist 152 1 19 Newspapers.com September 24, 1878 Terrific storm https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00076588/00333/zoom/1 The Royal Gazette Hamilton, Bermuda 51 40 2 University of Florida Digital Collections September 14, 1878 Pointe-au-Père, Quebec Montreal Noon telegrams https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-montreal-star/179450614/ Montreal Star 10 207 2 Newspapers.com September 20, 1878 Heavy rain storm in Ontario https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-transcript/179450749/ The Times-Transcript Moncton 2 32 2 Newspapers.com Part 2 The Great Rainstorm September 14, 1878 Toronto https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-globe-and-mail/186971587/ The Globe 35 222 8 Newspapers.com Part 2 Hamilton News September 13, 1878 September 14, 1878 Hamilton, Ontario Toronto https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-globe-and-mail/186971610/ The Globe 35 222 8 Newspapers.com September 14, 1878 The gale https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-kingston-daily-news/179450644/ Kingston Daily News Kingston, Ontario 23 278 3 Newspapers.com Port Dalhousie St. Catharines September 13, 1878 Latest Dispatches https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news/179450700/ Daily News 6 176 3 Newspapers.com September 24, 1878 Terrific storm https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00076588/00333/zoom/1 The Royal Gazette Hamilton, Bermuda 51 40 2 University of Florida Digital Collections Work of the Great Storm September 14, 1878 September 15, 1878 Cincinnati New York City https://www.proquest.com/docview/93744760 registration New York Times 27 8427 1 93744760 Rappaport Edward N. Fernández-Partagás José The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1996 NWS NHC 47 National Weather Service, National Hurricane Center April 22, 1997 May 28, 1995 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadly.shtml? Appendix 1. Cyclones with 25+ Deaths https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp1.shtml? February 18, 2025 Roth, David M. Cobb, Hugh Re-analysis of the Gale of '78 - Storm 9 of the 1878 Hurricane Season May 27, 2000 Hydrometeorological Prediction Center Silver Spring, Maryland February 5, 2025 https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/roth/galeof78.htm https://nc-chap.org/dikes/1878Hurricane.pdf Delaware Geological Survey Ramsey, Kelvin Reilly, Marijke J. 2002 16; 46 Special Publication No. 22 The Hurricane of October 21-24, 1878 December 16, 2025 Colón, José Notes on the Tropical Cyclones of Puerto Rico, 1508–1970 1970 http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/data_sub/perez_11_20.pdf February 12, 2025 Orlando Pérez 19 National Weather Service San Juan, Puerto Rico Pre-printed The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 181, tied with 1887 for the second highest total of the 19th century and behind only 1893. October alone accounted for a value of 87.8, which remains the all-time highest total in the month of October since HURDAT records began. ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have higher values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph km/h on, which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here. Systems Tropical Storm One Atl Tropical Storm One weather map, July 3, 1878.jpg 1878 Atlantic tropical storm 1 track.png July 1 July 3 40 1008 Parts of Florida first experienced frequent rain, easterly wind, and decreasing atmospheric pressures on July 1,Fernández-Partagás Diaz 1995 21 leading the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project to initiate the track for this storm approximately 280 mi km on west-northwest of Dry Tortugas. The storm made landfall near Marco Island, Florida, on July 2 with sustained winds of 45 mph (75 km/h); Punta Rassa, recorded a minimum pressure of 29.77 inHg mb flip on that afternoon. The storm likely briefly weakened to a tropical depression over Florida before emerging into the Atlantic late on July 2 and quickly regained tropical storm status early on July 3. However, the cyclone was last noted several hours later. Climate scientist Michael Chenoweth proposed that this system formed over the Straits of Florida and initially moved northwestward, passing through the Florida Keys. The storm then turned northeastward and made landfall near Marco Island, but may have dissipated over present-day Palm Beach County instead of emerging into the Atlantic. Key West, Florida, registered a wind of 36 mph km/h on. Rainy weather with frequent easterly gales extended northward through South Carolina. On July 3, easterly gales and rainy weather prevailed along the Atlantic coast as far north as Cape Hatteras. Smithville, North Carolina, registered a maximum wind of 38 mph km/h on from the east.Fernández-Partagás Diaz 1995 21 Hurricane Two Atl 1878 Atlantic hurricane 2 track.png August 8 August 19 70 With Guadeloupe reporting squalls and falling atmospheric pressures on August 8,Fernández-Partagás Diaz 1995 21 the official track of this cyclone begins just east of the Martinique that day. The system moved generally westward across the Caribbean Sea and then turned northwestward on August 12 south of Jamaica. Shortly after crossing the Yucatán Channel and entering the Gulf of Mexico, the storm likely intensified into a hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) early on August 15, based on reports from the bark Padang, which wrecked near Sisal, Yucatán.Fernández-Partagás Diaz 1995 21 The storm moved westward across the Gulf of Mexico, and is estimated to have maintained hurricane status until making landfall in Mexico between La Pesca and Tampico in the state of Tamaulipas on August 18. The hurricane rapidly dissipated over Mexico by the next day. Chenoweth argued that this storm did not exist until August 14, when it was located over the northwestern Caribbean. Additionally, the cyclone moved mostly west-northwest, crossing the northeastern Yucatán Peninsula and later making another landfall near La Pesca, Tamaulipas. The storm caused only minimal in the Lesser Antilles, with Guadeloupe experiencing squalls and barometric pressures falling to 1008 mbar inHg on. Martinique recorded 50.1 mm in on flip of precipitation, although this occurred on August 11, making its relation to the cyclone uncertain.Mazurie Roland Borel François Huc Jean-Claude 2021 Cyclone tropical n° 2 1878 – Passage sur les Petites Antilles les 8 et 9 août https://atlas.amicale-des-ouragans.org/1851_1949/dossiers/AL021878/1878_AL02_CR_ado.pdf 3 Atlas des cyclones des Antilles françaises FR December 23, 2024 In Mexico, Campeche observed heavy rainfall, leading to flooding in the city of the same name. However, Campeche governor Marcelino Castilla and other officials quickly provided disaster relief.La Nueva Era Inundación https://portal.ucol.mx/content/micrositios/325/file/5%20CatHur-S%20XIX%201801-1900.xlsx August 15, 1878 4 December 23, 2024 ES Parts of the state of Veracruz reported strong winds, uprooting trees and destroying homes in Tantima, while heavy rains there turned streams into torrents. At Ozuluama, high winds severely damaged or destroyed homes and crops, particularly bananas.Escobar Ohmstede Antonio Desastres agrícolas en México: catálogo histórico (Volumen 2) August 1, 2004 Centro de Investigación y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social 9681671880 121 https://books.google.com/books?id=CB5h4e_yQ7cC Spanish December 23, 2024 Hurricane Three Atl Hurricane Three weather map, August 20, 1878.jpg 1878 Atlantic hurricane 3 track.png August 19 August 20 80 963 A Category 1 hurricane was first observed in western Atlantic, northeast of Bermuda, on August 19 by the bark Arvid. Moving rapidly north-northeastward, the storm grazed Nova Scotia early on the following day. Sydney observed a barometric pressure as low as 963 mbar inHg on, forming the basis of the hurricane's estimated maximum sustained wind speed of 90 mph (150 km/h).Fernández-Partagás Diaz 1995 23 After also brushing Newfoundland on August 20, the hurricane transitioned into an extratropical cyclone in the Gulf of St. Lawrence several hours later. The storm and its remnants brought heavy rainfall to parts of Atlantic Canada and high winds to eastern Nova Scotia.https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-montreal-star/161632655/ Probabilities 3 The Montreal Daily Star August 20, 1878 December 27, 2024 Newspapers.com Chenoweth postulated that this cyclone formed southeast of North Carolina on August 16 and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone just offshore the south coast of Newfoundland late on August 20. Hurricane Four Atl 1878 Atlantic hurricane 4 track.png August 25 August 30 90 972 Due to ships in the vicinity of the Bahamas reporting severe gales and a barometric pressure as low as 1002 mbar inHg on,Fernández-Partagás Diaz 1995 25 HURDAT initiated the track of this cyclone just south of New Providence on August 25. It moved to the northeast early in its duration, striking Eleuthera shortly thereafter before entering the open Atlantic. By August 26, the cyclone strengthened into a hurricane. Further intensification occurred based on the brig Brittania observing a barometric pressure of 972 mbar inHg on, leading the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project to estimate the storm reached Category 2 status and peaked with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) on August 28. That day, the hurricane passed within 90 mi km on 5 of Bermuda. Only slight weakening occurred as the storm turned more eastward before being last seen on August 30 approximately 815 mi km on 5 southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland. Chenoweth's reanalysis study argued that this cyclone instead formed on August 23 just east of the Florida Keys and moved slowly northeastward for much of its duration, crossing the Abaco Islands in the Bahamas and passing much closer to Bermuda. The storm was last noted by Chenoweth on August 31. In the Bahamas, the cyclone caused severe crop losses at Green Turtle Cay, but no other damage on that island. Additionally, Hope Town reported minor damage to sugarcane fields, while substantial impacts occurred to banana and orange trees at Marsh Harbour.By the schooner Admired, Pinder master August 31, 1878 2 https://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00076890/02131/zoom/1 The Nassau Guardian and Bahama Islands Advocate and Intelligencer February 27, 2025 Bermuda experienced hurricane-force winds, inflicting extensive damage to floating docks at the Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda.Hurricanes - General Information for Bermuda Bermuda Weather Service August 2021 https://www.weather.bm/tropicalArchiveDocuments/Summary%20And%20Miscellaneous/Tropical%20Climatology%20-%20Timeline%20_updated_17Aug2021.pdf 5 February 12, 2025 A number of roads were also blocked by falling trees.Tucker, Terry Beware the Hurricane! The story of the cyclonic tropical storms that have struck Bermuda 1609–1995 66–67 1996 4th The Island Press Hurricane Five Atl Hurricane Five weather map, September 12, 1878 (5984423).jpg Five 1878 path.png September 1 September 13 90 970 1878 Haiti–Florida hurricane The track for this system begins about 180 mi km on 5 north of Suriname on September 1, the same day that Trinidad first reported stormy conditions. It moved to the west-northwest, becoming a hurricane on September 2 before passing between Trinidad and Tobago. Trekking northwestward across the Caribbean, striking southern Haiti and far southeastern Cuba on September 4 as a hurricane, briefly weakening to a tropical storm between both landfalls. The hurricane quickly weakened to a tropical storm again and moved parallel to the north coast of Cuba. By September 7, the cyclone emerged into the Straits of Florida and moved northward, striking near Duck Key, Florida, around 21:00 UTC and then mainland Monroe County early the next day. The system then curved northwestward and emerged into the Gulf of Mexico early on September 9. Significant intensification ensued as the storm recurved northeastward, with the cyclone estimated to have become a Category 2 hurricane with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 970 mbar inHg on prior to striking near Bayport, Florida, at 11:00 UTC on September 10. The system weakened to a tropical storm early the next day, but became a Category 1 hurricane again upon emerging into the Atlantic near St. Augustine. Curving north-northeastward, the storm made its final landfall near Edisto Beach, South Carolina, around 12:00 UTC on September 12. By early the next day, the system became an extratropical cyclone over West Virginia, before dissipating several hours later over Ontario. Chenoweth's reanalysis study suggested that this storm scraped Haiti's Tiburon Peninsula and made only one landfall on Florida's mainland, near Cape Romano early on September 8 as a Category 2 hurricane. Trinidad recorded 7 in mm on of rain and sustained winds of 81 mph km/h on at Port of Spain.Fernández-Partagás Diaz 1995 27https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/centerdata1871-1880.htm Center fix data: 1871-1880 National Hurricane Center, Hurricane Research Division October 19, 2024 The storm destroyed some homes, warehouses, bridges, wharves, and roadways and toppled many trees, a few of which damaged a post office and bank.https://www.newspapers.com/article/reading-times/157410856/ 1 September 23, 1878 Reading Times and Dispatch Swept by a Tornado October 19, 2024 Newspapers.com Nearly all cocoa crops were lost, and two drownings occurred.September 22, 1878 September 23, 1878 A West India Hurricane https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-buffalo-commercial/166735479/ The Buffalo Commercial 47 15702 New York City Buffalo, New York 2 Newspapers.com Extensive impacts and at least 16 deaths occurred in Haiti.View expanded list of sources https://www.newspapers.com/article/boston-post/157411811/ Foreign News 95 71 New York City Boston 2 September 22, 1878 September 23, 1878 Boston Post February 27, 2025 Newspapers.com September 14, 1878 October 12, 1878 The Hayti Hurricane https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-western-sun/166736265/ The Western Sun 74 13 Port-au-Prince, Haiti Vincennes, Indiana 2 Newspapers.com USASC 1878a 3 At Jacmel, a river rose significantly, sweeping away homes and about 500000 lbs on of wood, causing about $60,000 in damage. Cavaillon and Les Cayes also suffered especially hard. The former "exists no longer", according to communications received by the Reading Times and Dispatch. In Les Cayes, the hurricane destroyed 434 homes and a bridge, military facility, courthouse, schoolhouse, and prison.https://www.newspapers.com/article/boston-post/157411811/ Foreign News 2 September 23, 1878 Boston Post October 19, 2024 Newspapers.com Multiple sources note that hundreds of deaths occurred in the Caribbean,Barnes 1998 70 particularly in Haiti. Bimini in the Bahamas reported the loss of hundreds of bunches of bananas, the destruction of two buildings, and damage to many homes.Hurricanes at the Biminis September 28, 1878 2 https://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00076890/02139/zoom/1 The Nassau Guardian and Bahama Islands Advocate and Intelligencer February 27, 2025 In Central Florida, the cyclone flooded the area near Fort Basinger, along the Kissimmee River in present-day Okeechobee County.Van Landingham, Kyle S. LaMartin, William 2021 1976 Pioneer Families of the Kissimmee River Valley http://www.lamartin.com/history/pioneer_families_kissimmee_river_valley.htm LaMartin.com February 18, 2025 OL4916266M Okeechobee, Florida Tampa, Florida Very heavy rainfall along its path affected the Florida peninsula,Barnes 1998 70 with one death in the state.https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00048571/00073/zoom/5 September 14, 1878 The Blow 3 27 6 Sunland Tribune Tampa, Florida 26 February 2025 University of Florida Digital Collections Several ships wrecked along the east coast of Florida between Cape Canaveral and Amelia Island.Sandrik, Al Landsea, Christopher W. May 2003 Chronological Listing of Tropical Cyclones affecting North Florida and Coastal Georgia 1565-1899 Hurricane Research Division February 18, 2025 http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/history/index.html https://web.archive.org/web/20061206073407/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/history/index.html December 6, 2006 live Heavy crop losses, particularly to rice, occurred in Georgia near Savannah, totaling $300,000-$400,000 in damage.https://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/006/mwr-006-09-0001b.pdf Barometric Pressure September 1878 10.1175/1520-0493(1878)69[1b:BP]2.0.CO;2 4 1878MWRv....6RT..1. 9 6 Monthly Weather Review February 27, 2025 https://web.archive.org/web/20170429153839/https://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/006/mwr-006-09-0001b.pdf April 29, 2017 Farther north, several states reported destructed gales that inflicted damage to infrastructure and property and caused some deaths.https://www.newspapers.com/article/keowee-courier/157413006/ The Equinoctial Storm September 19, 1878 The Keowee Courier 2 October 19, 2024 Walhalla, South Carolina Newspapers.com Nationwide the hurricane caused at least 32 deaths.View expanded list of sources September 17, 1878 Macon, Georgia Storm in Charleston https://www.newspapers.com/article/georgia-weekly-telegraph-journal-and-me/179448375/ Georgia Weekly Telegraph, Journal and Messenger 53 2 Newspapers.com Grazulis 596 Hudgins 14 USASC 1878b 10–1 USASC 1878a 3–4 September 17, 1878 Macon, Georgia The Georgia press https://www.newspapers.com/article/georgia-weekly-telegraph-journal-and-me/179448436/ Georgia Weekly Telegraph, Journal and Messenger 53 6 Newspapers.com A Victim of the Freshet September 19, 1878 September 20, 1878 Dennison, Ohio Cincinnati https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-cincinnati-enquirer/187037441/ The Cincinnati Enquirer 36 262 1 Newspapers.com Cincinnati DeLand, Florida September 14, 1878 September 18, 1878 Home news https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-florida-agriculturist/179448320/ Florida Agriculturalist 152 1 19 Newspapers.com Work of the Great Storm September 14, 1878 September 15, 1878 Cincinnati New York City https://www.proquest.com/docview/93744760 registration New York Times 27 8427 1 93744760 A Severe Autumn Storm September 13, 1878 September 14, 1878 Cleveland, Ohio New York City https://www.proquest.com/docview/93769072 registration New York Times 27 8427 1 93769072 The Storm in the West September 16, 1878 September 17, 1878 Cincinnati New York City https://www.proquest.com/docview/93740843 registration New York Times 27 8429 5 93740843 The Great Storm September 13, 1878 September 14, 1878 Erie, Pennsylvania Philadelphia https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-philadelphia-times/4946556/ Philadelphia Times Special 1098 1 Newspapers.com Part 2 Terrific Gales and Flooding Rains September 13, 1878 September 19, 1878 Richmond, Virginia Harrisonburg, Virginia https://www.newspapers.com/article/rockingham-register/187028469/ Rockingham Register 56 45 2 Newspapers.com The Flood September 19, 1878 Conneautville, Pennsylvania https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-conneautville-courier/27870220/ Conneautville Courier 31 44 2 Newspapers.com The Storm in West Virginia–Damage to Railroad Trains September 13, 1878 September 14, 1878 Cannelton, West Virginia Richmond, Virginia https://www.newspapers.com/article/richmond-dispatch/187028061/ Richmond Dispatch Special 54 67 1 Newspapers.com The Dead September 17, 1878 September 19, 1878 Cannelton, West Virginia Richmond, Virginia https://www.newspapers.com/article/richmond-dispatch/187095942/ Daily Dispatch West Virginia Letter 54 71 1 Newspapers.com USASC 1878b 11 In the Vicinity of Richmond September 14, 1878 https://www.newspapers.com/article/richmond-dispatch/187028097/ Richmond Dispatch 54 67 1 Newspapers.com Part 2 Cincinnati DeLand, Florida September 14, 1878 September 18, 1878 Home news https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-florida-agriculturist/179448320/ Florida Agriculturalist 152 1 19 Newspapers.com September 24, 1878 Terrific storm https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00076588/00333/zoom/1 The Royal Gazette Hamilton, Bermuda 51 40 2 University of Florida Digital Collections In Canada, where it rained for several days starting in September 10, the extratropical system claimed at least 10 lives.View expanded list of sources September 14, 1878 Pointe-au-Père, Quebec Montreal Noon telegrams https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-montreal-star/179450614/ Montreal Star 10 207 2 Newspapers.com September 20, 1878 Heavy rain storm in Ontario https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-transcript/179450749/ The Times-Transcript Moncton 2 32 2 Newspapers.com Part 2 The Great Rainstorm September 14, 1878 Toronto https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-globe-and-mail/186971587/ The Globe 35 222 8 Newspapers.com Part 2 Hamilton News September 13, 1878 September 14, 1878 Hamilton, Ontario Toronto https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-globe-and-mail/186971610/ The Globe 35 222 8 Newspapers.com September 14, 1878 The gale https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-kingston-daily-news/179450644/ Kingston Daily News Kingston, Ontario 23 278 3 Newspapers.com Port Dalhousie St. Catharines September 13, 1878 Latest Dispatches https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news/179450700/ Daily News 6 176 3 Newspapers.com September 24, 1878 Terrific storm https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00076588/00333/zoom/1 The Royal Gazette Hamilton, Bermuda 51 40 2 University of Florida Digital Collections Work of the Great Storm September 14, 1878 September 15, 1878 Cincinnati New York City https://www.proquest.com/docview/93744760 registration New York Times 27 8427 1 93744760 Hurricane Six Atl 1878 Atlantic hurricane 6 track.png September 12 September 18 90 Ships began observing a "heavy hurricane", estimated to have been a Category 1 hurricane, over 1000 mi km on 5 to the east of the Windward Islands starting on September 12, according to the Monthly Weather Review.Fernández-Partagás Diaz 1995 31 Moving northwestward, the storm reached Category 2 intensity on September 15 and possessed sustained winds of 105 mph (165 km/h). HURDAT indicates that the cyclone weakened to a Category 1 hurricane early on September 17 before turning north-northeastward that day. The hurricane was last noted on September 18 about 350 mi km on 5 south-southeastward of Bermuda. Chenoweth theorized that this cyclone developed farther east-northeast on September 9. The storm moved west-northwestward until September 13, at which time it turned northwest, before trekking in a more northerly direction by September 18. Starting on September 21, the cyclone accelerated to the northeast and was last tracked by Chenoweth on September 23. Hurricane Seven Atl Hurricane Seven weather map, October 6, 1878.jpg 1878 Atlantic hurricane 7 track.png September 24 October 8 120 938 The official track for this cyclone begins over the central Caribbean about halfway between the Guajira Peninsula and Hispaniola on September 24, one day before ships in the vicinity of Haiti first reported a storm.Fernández-Partagás Diaz 1995 33 According to ship logs from the Princess Alexandra and William Phipps, the system strengthened into a hurricane on September 25 as it headed north-northwestward. Striking Haiti early the next day, the hurricane quickly weakened to a tropical storm while passing roughly 10 mi km on 5 to the west of Port-au-Prince. The storm rapidly regained hurricane status on September 28 after emerging into the Atlantic. It passed through the eastern Bahamas shortly thereafter, striking or moving close to islands such as Inagua and Mayaguana. Gradual additional strengthening occurred as the storm moved into the open Atlantic, reaching major hurricane intensity on October 1 and becoming a Category 4 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 140 mph (220 km/h) on October 3, based on the ship Quebec logging a barometric pressure of 938 mbar inHg on.Fernández-Partagás Diaz 1995 34 On the following day, the hurricane turned northeastward and maintained major hurricane status for a few days, even at a high latitude, roughly at 47.5N. However, the storm weakened to a Category 2 hurricane on October 8, several hours before being last seen approximately 740 mi km on 5 west-southwest of Ireland. The reanalysis study by Chenoweth argued that this storm formed closer to Hispaniola and later moved erratically between the Bahamas and Bermuda for a few days before curving to the northeast. An American brigantine was wrecked in Haiti at Tiburon with all hands lost. The storm wrecked all lighters and two other vessels at Jacmel, where a number of homes were also demolished.https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tribune/166791593/ Terrific Hurricane October 4, 1878 The Scranton Republican 1 February 27, 2025 Newspapers.com Some rivers in Haiti swelled, causing difficulties in transporting relief supplies to victims of the fifth storm and increasing the cost of food to "famine prices", according to The Nassau Guardian. Mud reached approximately 6 in mm on deep in the streets of Port-au-Prince.Effect of the storm in Haiti November 13, 1878 1 https://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00076890/02152/zoom/0 The Nassau Guardian and Bahama Islands Advocate and Intelligencer February 27, 2025 A few locations along the coast of North Carolina reported tropical storm-force winds, including sustained winds of 48 mph km/h on at Cape Lookout. Meteorologists José Fernández-Partagás and Henry F. Díaz noted that these winds probably occurred in relation "to a strong pressure gradient due to the combination of the storm and high pressure over eastern U.S."Fernández-Partagás Diaz 1995 33 Hurricane Eight Atl Hurricane Eight weather map, October 11, 1878 (39866712).jpg 1878 Atlantic hurricane 8 track.png October 9 October 14 70 982 Similar to the path constructed as part of the 1993 reanalysis led by meteorologist C. J. Neumann,Fernández-Partagás Diaz 1995 36 HURDAT begins the track of this storm about 175 mi km on 5 north-northwest of the Yucatán Peninsula on October 9. Moving northeastward, the cyclone made landfall around 21:00 UTC the next day near modern-day Mexico Beach, Florida, with winds estimated at 60 mph (95 km/h). After emerging into the Atlantic from the coast of Georgia early on October 11, the storm intensified, reaching hurricane status about 24 hours later just under 60 mi km on 5 southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, based on reports from several ships. In accordance with another vessel observing a barometric pressure of 982 mbar inHg on, HURDAT estimated that this cyclone peaked with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph (130 km/h). The hurricane paralleled the coast of Nova Scotia and then turned eastward before becoming extratropical late on October 14 roughly 440 mi km on 5 east-southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland. Chenoweth argued that this cyclone did not exist in the Gulf of Mexico, instead forming northeast of the Bahamas on October 10. After moving northwestward until the following day, the storm curved northeast, avoiding landfall in the United States, and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on October 13 offshore the Mid-Atlantic. Many locations along the East Coast of the United States as far north as Rhode Island reported tropical-storm force winds, including sustained winds up to 72 mph km/h on at Cape Lookout, North Carolina.Fernández-Partagás Diaz 1995 36 Rough seas damaged, wrecked, or beached numerous vessels along or offshore New England, including more than 50 on Cape Cod in Massachusetts.https://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/006/mwr-006-10-0001b.pdf Barometric Pressure October 1878 10.1175/1520-0493(1880)810[1b:BP]2.0.CO;2 3 1878MWRv....6R...1. 10 8 Monthly Weather Review February 18, 2025 https://web.archive.org/web/20170225153317/https://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/006/mwr-006-10-0001b.pdf February 25, 2017 This led to 27 deaths, including 22 when the bark Sarah capsized. At Provincetown, Massachusetts, high winds downed chimneys, fences, and trees, and caused instances of minor damage elsewhere in the community.https://www.newspapers.com/article/boston-post/166791898/ Disasters, &c October 14, 1878 Boston Post 4 February 27, 2025 Newspapers.com Hurricane Nine Atl 1878 Atlantic hurricane 9 track.png October 9 October 15 70 Although no observations relating to this storm prior to October 14 have been found,Fernández-Partagás Diaz 1995 36 the official track listed in HURDAT begins on October 9 about 840 mi km on 5 west of the Cabo Verde Islands, electing to use the path constructed by Neumann.Fernández-Partagás Diaz 1995 37 Initially trekking west-northwest, the storm turned northwestward on October 12, before intensifying into a hurricane with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) early the next day. Later on October 13, the hurricane curved north-northeastward, a motion that the storm maintained until turning northeastward on October 15. After transitioning into an extratropical later on October 15 about 480 mi km on 5 southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland, the remnants of this system likely merged with the remnants of the previous storm. The reanalysis study by Chenoweth proposed that, rather than moving parabolically, the cyclone headed northwestward through October 14, when it turned northeastward and intensified into a Category 3 major hurricane. Hurricane Ten Atl 1878 Atlantic hurricane 10 track.png October 13 October 19 100 951 Despite no reports of ships encountering the storm prior to October 18, HURDAT initiated the track of approximately 720 mi km on 5 roughly west of the Cabo Verde Islands on October 13. Initially moving generally westward, the cyclone turned northwestward on October 15 as it strengthened into a hurricane. Further intensification occurred, with the cyclone becoming a Category 3 major hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) on October 17, one day before the schooner George T. Thatcher reported a barometric pressure of 951 mbar inHg on.Fernández-Partagás Diaz 1995 37 The hurricane weakened to a Category 2 before being last seen late on October 19 roughly 400 mi km on 5 east-northeast of Bermuda. Chenoweth postulated that this cyclone formed offshore modern-day Mauritania on October 10 and passed north of the Cabo Verde Islands while trekking generally westward. By October 14, the system curved northwestward and intensified into a strong Category 4 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h), based on a barometric pressure of 927 mbar inHg on. Chenoweth last detected the storm on October 18. Hurricane Eleven Atl Gale of 1878 weather map, October 23, 1878 (62113409).jpg Eleven 1878 path.png October 18 October 23 90 963 Gale of 1878 The track listed in HURDAT for this cyclone begins about 110 mi km on 5 southwest of Jamaica on October 18, one day after Father Benito Viñes first reported a storm over the western Caribbean and one day before Kingston recorded 1.4 in mm on of rain.Fernández-Partagás Diaz 1995 39 Drifting northwestward, the system slowly strengthened, reaching hurricane status on October 20. Early the next day, the cyclone struck Cuba near Playa Mayabeque in present-day Mayabeque Province likely as a Category 2 hurricane, based on a 2000 reanalysis by Ramón Pérez Suárez. Turning northeastward and emerging into the Straits of Florida, the hurricane, then a Category 1, passed less than 20 mi km on 5 east of Florida on October 22. The cyclone re-intensified into a Category 2 hurricane early on October 23 shortly before making landfall near Emerald Isle, North Carolina, with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h), based on sustained winds of 100 mph (155 km/h) at Cape Lookout,Similar velocities occurred at Kitty Hawk.Roth, David M. Cobb, Hugh Virginia Hurricane History July 16, 2001 Late Nineteenth Century Virginia Hurricanes Hydrometeorological Prediction Center Silver Spring, Maryland February 5, 2025 http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/roth/valate19hur.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20080108155833/http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/roth/valate19hur.htm January 8, 2008 live "nb" "Kitty Hawk"Fernández-Partagás Diaz 1995 39 and an estimated barometric pressure of 963 mbar inHg on. The hurricane raced across the interior of the United States until becoming extratropical over New York late on October 23. Chenoweth's reanalysis study suggested that this storm formed just north of Jamaica on October 13, moved slowly northwestward, and later crossed southern Florida from October 21 to early the next day before resuming a course similar to that shown in HURDAT. In Cuba, meteorologist Simón Sarasola reported hurricane-force winds and heavy rains as far east as Cienfuegos, resulting in "considerable damage and loss of life."Fernández-Partagás Diaz 1995 39 The hurricane beached more than a dozen vessels along the east coast of Florida, while Key West recorded wind gusts up to 54 mph km/h on. Georgia and South Carolina reported only minor impacts.Roth, David M. Cobb, Hugh Re-analysis of the Gale of '78 - Storm 9 of the 1878 Hurricane Season May 27, 2000 Hydrometeorological Prediction Center Silver Spring, Maryland February 5, 2025 https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/roth/galeof78.htm Several ships capsized or disappeared from the coast of North Carolina,Hudgins, James E. October 2007 14 Tropical cyclones affecting North Carolina since 1586-An Historical Perspective National Weather Service Blacksburg, Virginia https://www.weather.gov/media/erh/tm/tm100.pdf February 5, 2025 including the steamer City of Houston, leading to four deaths and at least $200,000 in damage. A total of 21 people died in Virginia, all due to 22 shipwrecks in the state, with 19 people killed when a ship, the A.S. Davis, was driven ashore at Virginia Beach. Severe damage occurred in coastal Virginia, including to life-saving stations, while the storm completely submerged Cobb and Smith islands. Washington, D.C., and several states farther north reported many downed trees and telegraph wires, damaged crops, and unroofed buildings, as well as five deaths in Maryland, eighteen in Delaware, twelve in Pennsylvania, eight in New Jersey, and two in Connecticut. In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, alone, the hurricane destroyed at least 700 buildings and toppled almost 50 church spires. Damage throughout the state reached $2.14 million. Overall, the storm caused at least 71 fatalities and more than $2.46 million in damage.Rappaport Edward N. Fernández-Partagás José The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1996 NWS NHC 47 National Weather Service, National Hurricane Center April 22, 1997 May 28, 1995 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadly.shtml? Appendix 1. Cyclones with 25+ Deaths https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp1.shtml? February 18, 2025https://nc-chap.org/dikes/1878Hurricane.pdf Delaware Geological Survey Ramsey, Kelvin Reilly, Marijke J. 2002 16; 46 Special Publication No. 22 The Hurricane of October 21-24, 1878 December 16, 2025 Tropical Storm Twelve Atl 1878 Atlantic tropical storm 12 track.png November 25 December 2 60 List of off-season Atlantic hurricanes According to the Monthly Weather Review, a tropical storm was first detected on November 25 approximately 700 mi km on 5 east of the Lesser Antilles.Fernández-Partagás Diaz 1995 41 After moving generally west-northwestward for a few days, the cyclone reached the Lesser Antilles on November 28 and passed near or over Saint Martin with winds of 70 mph (110 km/h). Despite reports of a "violent hurricane" south of Saint Thomas,Fernández-Partagás Diaz 1995 42 neither Fernández-Partagás and Díaz nor the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project could confirm that this system intensified into a hurricane.Fernández-Partagás Diaz 1995 43 The storm then moved near the southern coast of Puerto Rico later that day and early on November 29 while turning west-southwestward. As the cyclone reached a position approximately 160 mi km on 5 south of Jamaica on December 2, Fernández-Partagás and Díaz ended the track for this system, doing so "in order to allow for a northerly flow air to have set in over entire western Caribbean Sea."Fernández-Partagás Diaz 1995 42 The reanalysis study by Chenoweth argued that this storm remained north of the Lesser Antilles until turning southwestward on November 29 and striking Puerto Rico. After emerging into the Caribbean on November 30, the cyclone moved generally westward, striking the south coast of the Dominican Republic a few times and trekking across Haiti's Tiburon Peninsula before dissipating near Navassa Island on December 2. Minimal impacts occurred in the Leeward Islands, aside from a few trading boats being beached at Sandy Point Town on Saint Kitts.Mazurie Roland Borel François Huc Jean-Claude 2021 Cyclone tropical n° 12 1878 – Passage sur les Petites Antilles le 28 novembre 7 https://atlas.amicale-des-ouragans.org/1851_1949/dossiers/AL121878/1878_AL12_CR_ado.pdf Atlas des cyclones des Antilles françaises FR February 12, 2025 The storm's effects were felt in southeastern and southern Puerto Rico, where the storm was christened San Rufo. It was first known tropical storm to impact Puerto Rico in November.Frank Mújica-Baker Huracanes y Tormentas que han afectadi a Puerto Rico Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, Agencia Estatal para el manejo de Emergencias y Administracion de Desastres http://www.gobierno.pr/NR/rdonlyres/49EA64D0-305B-4881-8B85-04B518004BD5/0/Ciclones_en_PR.pdf 11 August 30, 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022947/http://www.gobierno.pr/NR/rdonlyres/49EA64D0-305B-4881-8B85-04B518004BD5/0/Ciclones_en_PR.pdf September 24, 2015 Three people drowned at Aguadilla due to rough seas.Colón, José Notes on the Tropical Cyclones of Puerto Rico, 1508–1970 1970 http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/data_sub/perez_11_20.pdf February 12, 2025 Orlando Pérez 19 National Weather Service San Juan, Puerto Rico Pre-printed In the Dominican Republic, the schooner Thos Pickering was driven ashore along the country's east coast. Farther west, Navassa Island experienced squalls.Fernández-Partagás Diaz 1995 41 Other storms Climate researcher Michael Chenoweth proposed five other storms not currently listed in HURDAT. The first such cyclone developed on July 7 near the northern Leeward Islands. Moving west-northwestward, the system passed near or over Anguilla and Anegada. The storm then curved northwestward. After making a brief jog westward on July 11, the cyclone resumed moving northwestward passing near the Abaco Islands and over Grand Bahama. On July 12, the system made landfall near Flagler Beach, Florida, and rapidly dissipated. Chenoweth's next proposed storm developed over the central Atlantic on September 2. The cyclone moved northeastward until September 5, then northward through September 7, when it turned northeastward. By the following day, the storm turned southeastward, a motion that the system would continue on until turning northeastward on September 11. Approaching the Azores, the storm struck Flores Island on the following day, several hours before becoming extratropical. The next proposed storm formed about halfway between the Lesser Antilles and the Cabo Verde Islands on September 4. This cyclone moved in a parabolic path, heading generally northwestward through September 8, northward from September 8 to September 10, east-northeastward until September 15, and then east-southeastward before dissipating on September 18. Another unofficial cyclone developed on September 13 in the Bay of Campeche, just offshore Isla Aguada, Campeche. Initially heading in a west-northwestward to westward direction, the storm turned southward on September 16. Early the next day, the system made landfall near Montepío, Veracruz, and rapidly dissipated after moving inland. Chenoweth's final proposed cyclone formed over the east-central Atlantic on October 23. After initially moving west-northwestward, the cyclone curved northwestward on October 24 and then north-northwestward on the following day. Beginning a north-northeastward motion on October 26, the storm turned northeastward on October 27 and was last noted by Chenoweth on October 28 well northwest of the Azores.Chenoweth Michael A New Compilation of North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1851–98 Journal of Climate December 2014 27 12 8682 https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/27/23/jcli-d-13-00771.1.xml?tab_body=pdf 10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00771.1 American Meteorological Society 2014JCli...27.8674C free August 26, 2024 subscription Season effects This is a table of all of the known storms that have formed in the 1878 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration, landfall, damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 1878 USD. 1878 North Atlantic tropical cyclone center storm One July 1–3 45 (75) 1008 Southeastern United States (Florida) Unknown None cat1 Two August 4–14 80 (130) Unknown Lesser Antilles, Mexico (Tamaulipas) Unknown None cat1 Three August 19–20 90 (150) 963 Atlantic Canada Unknown None cat2 Four August 25–30 105 (165) ≤972 The Bahamas, Bermuda Unknown None cat2 Five September 1–13 105 (165) 970 Windward Islands, Greater Antilles (Haiti and Cuba), Eastern United States (Florida), Ontario >$919,000 >60 cat2 Six September 12–18 105 (165) Unknown None None None cat4 Seven September 24 – October 8 140 (230) 938 Hispaniola (Haiti), Turks and Caicos Islands Unknown Unknown cat1 Eight October 9–14 80 (130) 982 East Coast of the United States (Florida) Unknown 27 cat1 Nine October 9–15 80 (130) Unknown None None None cat3 Ten October 13–19 115 (185) 951 None None None cat2 Eleven October 18–23 105 (165) 963 Greater Antilles (Cuba), East Coast of the United States (North Carolina) >$2.46 million >71 storm Twelve November 25 – December 2 70 (110) Unknown Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles Unknown 3 12 July 1 – December 2 140 (230) 938 >$3.38 million >161 Footnotes nb See also Tropical cyclones Tropical cyclone observation Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project References 30em 2 Sources Barnes Jay 1998 1st Florida's Hurricane History Chapel Hill Press Chapel Hill, North Carolina 0-8078-2443-7 https://books.google.com/books?id=dMx5bkZKxioC&q=Florida%27s+Hurricane+History Barometric pressure Monthly Weather Review September 1878 6 9 1–5 U.S. Army Signal Corps Washington, D.C. 10.1175/1520-0493(1878)69[1b:BP]2.0.CO;2 free 1878MWRv....6RT..1. USASC 1878a Fernández-Partagás José Diaz Henry F. https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/Partagas/1877-1880/1878.pdf 1995 A Reconstruction of Historical Tropical Cyclone Frequency in the Atlantic from Documentary and other Historical Sources : 1851-1880 Part II: 1871-1880 Climate Diagnostics Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Boulder, Colorado February 18, 2025 Grazulis Thomas P. Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events July 1993 The Tornado Project of Environmental Films St. Johnsbury, Vermont 1-879362-03-1 Grazulis Hudgins James E. 2000 Tropical Cyclones Affecting North Carolina since 1566 – An Historical Perspective National Weather Service (NWS) Technical Memos ER-92, Tropical Cyclones Affecting North Carolina Blacksburg, Virginia Seattle National Weather Service NOAA Seattle Library 25 April 2023 http://repository.wrclib.noaa.gov/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=nws_tech_memos https://web.archive.org/web/20070311045226/http://repository.wrclib.noaa.gov/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=nws_tech_memos 11 March 2007 Hudgins Precipitation Monthly Weather Review September 1878 6 9 9–10 U.S. Army Signal Corps Washington, D.C. 10.1175/1520-0493(1878)69[9:P]2.0.CO;2 free 1878MWRv....6RT..9. USASC 1878c American Meteorological Society Winds Monthly Weather Review September 1878 6 9 10–11 U.S. Army Signal Corps Washington, D.C. 10.1175/1520-0493(1878)69[10b:W]2.0.CO;2 free 1878MWRv....6RS.10. USASC 1878b External links 1878 Monthly Weather Review Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project page for 1878 HURDAT Data for the 1878 Atlantic hurricane season 1870 Atlantic hurricane 1878 Atlantic Hurricane Season, 1878 Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines Category:1878 natural disasters