1 World Trade Center (1970–2001)

Former skyscraper in Manhattan, New York March 2026 July 2013 1 World Trade Center 1 WTC North Tower WTC 1 Building A Building 1 Tower A Tower 1 Destroyed Photo of WTC1 (cropped).jpg 250px The World Trade Center's North Tower (WTC1), pictured in summer 2001 West Street, New York, New York, United States 40 42 43.5 N 74 00 47.3 W region:US-NY_type:landmark inline,title Empire State Building Willis Tower 1971 1973 August 6, 1968 1972 April 4, 1973 September 11, 2001, 10:28 AM Eastern Time Zone9/11/01 timeline: How the September 11, 2001 attacks unfolded https://6abc.com/what-happened-on-911-september-11-remembrance-timeline-facts-about-911/6411796/ live WPVI-TV September 11, 2023 November 4, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20231105012622/https://6abc.com/what-happened-on-911-september-11-remembrance-timeline-facts-about-911/6411796/ November 5, 2023 en-US Minoru Yamasaki Emery Roth & Sons Port Authority of New York and New Jersey 4759040 sqft m2 on 110 The World Trade Center: A Timeline https://www.nytimes.com/ref/magazine/08wtc-timeline.html?_r=0 live The New York Times Magazine 2004 September 11, 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20150919212924/http://www.nytimes.com/ref/magazine/08wtc-timeline.html?_r=0 September 19, 2015History of the Twin Towers http://www.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/history-twin-towers.html PANYNJ.gov 2013 September 11, 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20150913203625/http://www.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/history-twin-towers.html September 13, 2015 1728 ft m 1 on 1368 ft m 1 on 1355 ft m 0 onGabbatt Adam Willis Tower and One World Trade Center battle for skyscraper supremacy https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/08/willis-tower-world-trade-center-dispute The Guardian November 8, 2013 99 Leslie E. Robertson (Worthington, Skilling, Helle, and Jackson) December 15, 1970 December 23, 1970 Silverstein Properties The original 1 World Trade Center (also known as the North Tower, Tower 1, Building One, or 1 WTC) was one of the Twin Towers of the original World Trade Center complex in New York City. Its construction was begun in 1968 and completed in 1972. It stood at a height of 1368 ft m 1, and was the tallest building in the world until 1973, when surpassed by the Sears Tower in Chicago. On the 106th and 107th floors of this building were a complex of dining, meeting, and entertainment venues known as Windows on the World. The 106th floor was specifically designed to handle function rooms for private events, large corporate gatherings, and weddings, while the 107th floor housed the main dining rooms and bars. It was distinguishable from its twin, the original 2 World Trade Center, also known as the South Tower, by the 360 ft m on telecommunications antenna on its roof. Including the antenna, the building stood at a total height of 1728 ft m 1. The North Tower was 6 feet taller than the South Tower because floor 43 was 2 feet taller and floor 67 was 4 feet taller than the standard ceiling height of 12 feet. These two floors were used by the Port Authority. The North Tower's other distinctions from its twin included a canopy connected to its west facade on street level, as well as two pedestrian walkways that extended from the west and south promenades of 3 World Trade Center and 6 World Trade Center to the North Tower's north and south facades on plaza level, all of which the South Tower lacked. The WTC complex had its own ZIP Code of 10048. The original World Trade Center was destroyed in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Struck by American Airlines Flight 11 at 8:46 a.m., the North Tower was the first of the Twin Towers to be hit by a hijacked aircraft, and the second to collapse, at 10:28 a.m. The North Tower stood for 102 minutes after the aircraft impact. Of the 2,977 people killed in the attacks, around 1,700 were in the North Tower or on the ground. The North Tower was succeeded by the present-day One World Trade Center tower, which was opened in November 2014 as the lead building of the redeveloped World Trade Center site.World Trade Centerhttps://web.archive.org/web/20181002053941/http://www.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/index.html October 2, 2018 . PANYNJ.gov. 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2012.One World Trade Center construction updates https://web.archive.org/web/20131219055831/http://www.lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/freedom_tower_26204.aspx December 19, 2013. Lower Manhattan.info. Retrieved August 12, 2012. At the National September 11 Memorial & Museum, the northern pool marks the spot where the North Tower once stood. History Development thumb|left|upright|1 World Trade Center under construction, May 1970 In 1961, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey agreed to build the World Trade Center on the site of the Hudson Terminal in Lower Manhattan, New York City.Grutzner Charles December 29, 1961 Port Unit Backs Linking of H&M and Other Lines https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1961/12/29/119434880.pdf The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 On September 20, 1962, the Port Authority announced the selection of Minoru Yamasaki as lead architect and Emery Roth & Sons as associate architects. Yamasaki devised the plan to incorporate twin towers. His original plan called for the towers to be 80 stories tall,Huxtable Ada Louise Ada Louise Huxtable January 19, 1964 A New Era Heralded https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/19/archives/news-analysis-a-new-era-heralded-architectural-virtue-of-trade.html The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 but to meet the Port Authority's requirement for 10000000 sqft m2 of office space, the buildings would each have to be 110 stories tall.Gillespie 1999 49 Yamasaki's design for the World Trade Center, unveiled to the public on January 18, 1964, called for a square plan approximately 208 ft m in dimension on each side.NIST NCSTAR 1–1 2005 7 In March 1965, the Port Authority began acquiring property at the World Trade Center site.Ingraham Joseph C. March 29, 1965 Port Agency Buys Downtown Tract https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1965/03/29/96702632.pdf The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Demolition work began on March 21, 1966,Gillespie 1999 61 and groundbreaking for the construction of the World Trade Center took place on August 5, 1966.World Trade Center Building Performance Study 2002 1.2 In January 1967, the Port Authority awarded $74 million in contracts to various steel suppliers.January 24, 1967 Contracts Totaling $74,079,000 Awarded for the Trade Center https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1967/01/24/82570486.pdf The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Construction work began on the North Tower in August 1968.Timeline: World Trade Center chronology https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/newyork/timeline/index.html dead https://web.archive.org/web/20070502225357/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/newyork/timeline/index.html May 2, 2007 May 15, 2007 PBS – American Experience The topping out ceremony for 1 WTC (the North Tower) took place on December 23, 1970. The first tenants moved into the North Tower on December 15, 1970, while it was still under construction,Lew H. S. Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1) Bukowski Richard W. Carino Nicholas J. September 2005 National Institute of Standards and Technology xxxvi and a ribbon cutting ceremony took place on April 4, 1973.Gillespie 1999 134 On the 106th and 107th floors of this building were a complex of dining, meeting, and entertainment venues known as Windows on the World.Blais Allison https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Place_of_Remembrance/zatreqeIsR8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Windows+on+the+World+106th+and+107th+floors+north+tower+wtc&pg=PA28&printsec=frontcover A Place of Remembrance: Official Book of the National September 11 Memorial Rasic Lynn 2011 National Geographic Books 978-1-4262-0807-2 2025-10-14 Operation On February 12, 1975, a three-alarm fire broke out on the North Tower's 11th floor, spreading to the 9th and 14th floors. At that time, the World Trade Center had no fire sprinkler systems.February 14, 1975 Trade Center Hit by 6-Floor Fire https://www.nytimes.com/1975/02/14/archives/trade-center-hit-by-6floor-fire-blaze-starts-on-the-11th-16-men-are.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20080512074050/http://www.nytimes.com/1975/02/14/nyregion/14WTC.html May 12, 2008 August 19, 2020 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 A disgruntled custodian was discovered to have deliberately started the fire and was criminally charged.Treaster Joseph B. 1975-05-21 Suspect, 19, Is Charged With Trade Center Fires https://www.nytimes.com/1975/05/21/archives/suspect-19-is-charged-with-trade-center-fires.html August 11, 2024 The New York Times 472015-02-14 Disgruntled custodian sets off fire in north tower of New York's World Trade Center 40 years ago this hour (Feb 13 1975) http://retronewser.com/2015/02/13/disgruntled-custodian-sets-off-fire-on-11th-floor-of-new-yorks-world-trade-center-40-years-ago-this-hour-feb-13-1975/ August 11, 2024 RetroNewser en-US Admin October 9, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20241009170038/https://retronewser.com/2015/02/13/disgruntled-custodian-sets-off-fire-on-11th-floor-of-new-yorks-world-trade-center-40-years-ago-this-hour-feb-13-1975/ dead Following the fire, in 1981, the Port Authority announced a $45 million plan to install sprinklers throughout the World Trade Center.Goodwin Michael March 13, 1981 TRADE CENTER TO GET FIRE SPRINKLERS AT $45 MILLION COST https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/13/nyregion/trade-center-to-get-fire-sprinklers-at-45-million-cost-39312.html January 9, 2022 The New York Times 1 en-US The first terrorist attack on the World Trade Center occurred on February 26, 1993, at 12:17 p.m. A Ryder truck filled with 1500 lb of explosives (planted by Ramzi Yousef) detonated in the North Tower's underground garage.Reeve Simon https://archive.org/details/newjackalsramziy00reev The new jackals : Ramzi Yousef, Osama Bin Laden and the future of terrorism Northeastern University Press 2002 978-1-55553-509-4 Boston 10 registration According to a presiding judge, the conspirators' chief aim at the time of the attack was to destabilize the North Tower and send it crashing into the South Tower, toppling both skyscrapers.August 5, 1997 Prosecutor: Yousef aimed to topple Trade Center towers http://www.cnn.com/US/9708/05/wtc.trial/index.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20081012085254/http://www.cnn.com/US/9708/05/wtc.trial/index.html October 12, 2008 November 20, 2008 CNN Six people were killed and 1,042 others were injured in the attacks.Mathews Tom March 8, 1993 A Shaken City's Towering Inferno http://www.newsweek.com/id/111113 live https://web.archive.org/web/20081030073528/http://www.newsweek.com/id/111113 October 30, 2008 October 26, 2008 NewsweekBarbanel Josh February 27, 1993 Tougher Code May Not Have Helped https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE5DC103DF934A15751C0A965958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all November 20, 2008 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Following the bombing, floors that were blown out needed to be repaired to restore structural support.Port Authority Risk Management Staff The World Trade Center Complex http://www.interfire.org/res_file/pdf/Tr-076.pdf live https://web.archive.org/web/20070928113151/http://www.interfire.org/res_file/pdf/Tr-076.pdf September 28, 2007 May 15, 2007 United States Fire Administration In February 2001, the Port Authority leased the entire World Trade Center complex to Vornado Realty Trust.February 23, 2001 Brookfield Loses Lease Bid Toronto Star However, Vornado insisted on last-minute changes to the deal,Bagli Charles V. March 20, 2001 As Trade Center Talks Stumble, No. 2 Bidder Gets Another Chance https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A03E5DB113DF933A15750C0A9679C8B63&sec=&pagewanted=1a dead https://web.archive.org/web/20080119031151/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A03E5DB113DF933A15750C0A9679C8B63&sec=&pagewanted=1a January 19, 2008 November 20, 2008 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 and the next-highest bidder, Silverstein Properties, signed a lease for the complex on July 24, 2001.Smothers Ronald July 25, 2001 Leasing of Trade Center May Help Transit Projects, Pataki Says https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B06E0D91F3AF936A15754C0A9679C8B63&sec=&spon= dead https://web.archive.org/web/20080517112948/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B06E0D91F3AF936A15754C0A9679C8B63&sec=&spon= May 17, 2008 November 20, 2008 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Destruction September 11 attacks Collapse of the World Trade Center Casualties of the September 11 attacks left|thumb|The remains (from bottom to top) of One, Six, and Seven World Trade Center on September 17, 2001 At 8:46 a.m. (EDT) on September 11, 2001, five hijackers affiliated with al-Qaeda crashed American Airlines Flight 11 into the northern facade of the North Tower between the 93rd and 99th floors.February 19, 2002 Flight Path Study – American Airlines Flight 11 http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB196/doc01.pdf live https://web.archive.org/web/20070214030913/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB196/doc01.pdf February 14, 2007 April 24, 2014 National Transportation Safety BoardFebruary 19, 2002 Flight Path Study – United Airlines Flight 175 https://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB196/doc03.pdf live https://web.archive.org/web/20140617050241/http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB196/doc03.pdf June 17, 2014 April 24, 2014 National Transportation Safety Board Seventeen minutes later, at 9:03 a.m. (EDT), a second group of five terrorists crashed the hijacked United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern facade of the South Tower, striking between the 77th and 85th floors.9/11 Commission Report http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/index.htm live https://web.archive.org/web/20110903025127/http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/index.htm September 3, 2011 November 3, 2014 The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States By 9:59 a.m. (EDT), the South Tower collapsed after burning for approximately 56 minutes. After burning for 102 minutes, the North Tower collapsed due to structural failure at 10:28 a.m. (EDT).Miller Bill May 1, 2002 Skyscraper Protection Might Not Be Feasible, Federal Engineers Say https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2002/05/01/skyscraper-protection-might-not-be-feasible-federal-engineers-say/ live https://web.archive.org/web/20131203170242/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2002-05-01/news/0205010358_1_engineers-jet-fuel December 3, 2013 November 24, 2013 Orlando Sentinel When the North Tower collapsed, debris fell on the nearby 7 World Trade Center, damaging it and starting fires. The fires burned for hours, compromising the building's structural integrity. Seven World Trade Center collapsed at 5:21 p.m. (EDT).World Trade Center Building Performance Study, Ch. 5 WTC 7 – section 5.5.4Final Report on the Collapse of World Trade Center Building 7, p. xxxvii. Together with a simultaneous attack on the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and a passenger revolt that resulted in a plane crash in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, the attacks resulted in the deaths of 2,996 people (2,507 civilians, 343 firefighters, 72 law enforcement officers, 55 military personnel, and the 19 hijackers).How much did the September 11 terrorist attack cost America? http://www.iags.org/costof911.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20181226080840/http://www.iags.org/costof911.html December 26, 2018 April 30, 2014 2004 Institute for the Analysis of Global SecuritySeptember 9, 2011 Winnipegger heads to NY for 9/11 memorial http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/winnipegger-heads-to-ny-for-9-11-memorial-1.991431 live https://web.archive.org/web/20131113021016/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/winnipegger-heads-to-ny-for-9-11-memorial-1.991431 November 13, 2013 November 13, 2013 CBC News A total of 2,996 people died: 19 hijackers and 2,977 victims.Stone Andrea August 20, 2002 Military's aid and comfort ease 9/11 survivors' burden https://www.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2002-08-20-pentagon_x.htm live https://web.archive.org/web/20120627082049/http://www.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2002-08-20-pentagon_x.htm June 27, 2012 September 2, 2011 USA Today More than 90% of the workers and visitors who died in the towers had been at or above the points of impact.Sunder (2005), p. 48. In the North Tower, 1,355 people at or above the point of impact were trapped, and died of smoke inhalation, fell, jumped from the tower to escape the smoke and flames, or were killed when the building eventually collapsed. One stairwell in the South Tower, Stairwell A, somehow avoided complete destruction, unlike the rest of the building.Westfeldt Amy March 23, 2007 Debate over staircase slows WTC project http://web.timesunion.com/AspStories/story.asp?category=SEP11&storyID=574510&BCCode=&newsdate=3/23/2007 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20140506020125/http://web.timesunion.com/AspStories/story.asp?category=SEP11&storyID=574510&BCCode=&newsdate=3%2F23%2F2007 May 6, 2014 May 4, 2014 Times Union Associated Press When Flight 11 hit, all three staircases in the North Tower's impact zone were destroyed, making it impossible for anyone above the 91st floor to escape. 107 people below the point of impact also died. The light construction and hollow nature of the structures allowed the jet fuel to penetrate far inside the towers, igniting many large fires simultaneously over a wide area of the impacted floors. The fuel from the planes burned for, at most, a few minutes―but the contents of the buildings burned over the next 60 to 90 minutes.Field Andy A Look Inside a Radical New Theory of the WTC Collapse http://cms.firehouse.com/content/article/article.jsp?sectionId=46&id=25807 Fire/Rescue News 2004 July 28, 2006 https://web.archive.org/web/20060619021422/http://cms.firehouse.com/content/article/article.jsp?sectionId=46&id=25807 June 19, 2006 The fires might not have been as centrally positioned, nor as intense, had traditionally heavy high-rise construction been standing in the way of the aircraft, as debris and fuel would likely have remained mostly outside the buildings or concentrated in more peripheral areas.Gross John L. McAllister Therese P. 2004 Structural Fire Response and Probable Collapse Sequence of the World Trade Center Towers http://wtc.nist.gov/NCSTAR1/PDF/NCSTAR%201-6.pdf live https://web.archive.org/web/20110728081828/http://wtc.nist.gov/NCSTAR1/PDF/NCSTAR%201-6.pdf July 28, 2011 November 24, 2010 Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster NIST NCSTAR 1–6 National Institute of Standards and TechnologyWilkinson Tim 2006 World Trade Center – Some Engineering Aspects http://www.civil.usyd.edu.au/wtc.shtml https://web.archive.org/web/20120306020131/http://sydney.edu.au/engineering/civil/wtc.shtml March 6, 2012 July 28, 2006 The fires were hot enough to weaken the columns and cause floors to sag, pulling perimeter columns inward and reducing their ability to support the mass of the building above.National Construction Safety Team http://wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1CollapseofTowers.pdf Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers September 2005 NIST Executive Summary April 24, 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20080527193541/http://wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1CollapseofTowers.pdf May 27, 2008 live Architecture Minoru Yamasaki was the lead architect for the tower, and Emery Roth & Sons were the associate architects.Architect Named for Trade Center Esterow Milton September 21, 1962 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1962/09/21/83523078.pdf During the World Trade Center's construction, the structural engineers ended up following draft versions of New York City's 1968 building codes, which incorporated "advanced techniques" in building design.NIST NCSTAR 1–1 2005 xxxviii The Twin Towers used a tube-frame design, which required 40 percent less structural steel than conventional building designs.American Iron and Steel Institute 1964 The World Trade Center – New York City Contemporary Steel Design American Iron and Steel Institute 1 4 The structures were inspired by the architectural ethic of Le Corbusier and was the seminal expression of Yamasaki's gothic modernist tendencies.Darton 1999 32–34 Yamasaki was also inspired by Islamic architecture, elements of which he incorporated in the buildings' design, having previously designed Saudi Arabia's Dhahran International Airport with the Saudi Binladin Group.Grudin Robert https://books.google.com/books?id=KHFoCxkdiUIC&pg=PA39 Design And Truth April 20, 2010 Yale University Press 978-0-300-16203-5 39 April 18, 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20160527162624/https://books.google.com/books?id=KHFoCxkdiUIC&pg=PA39 May 27, 2016 liveKerr Laurie December 28, 2001 Bin Laden's special complaint with the World Trade Center. http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2001/12/the_mosque_to_commerce.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20150919030203/http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2001/12/the_mosque_to_commerce.html September 19, 2015 October 12, 2015 Slate Magazine When completed, the North Tower stood 1368 ft m 1 tall.The World Trade Center: Statistics and History http://w.skyscraper.org/TALLEST_TOWERS/t_wtc.htm August 13, 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20150916031526/http://w.skyscraper.org/TALLEST_TOWERS/t_wtc.htm September 16, 2015 live It featured a 362 ft on telecommunications antenna or mast that was built on the roof in 1979 (upgraded in 1999 to accommodate DTV broadcasts). With this addition, the highest point of the North Tower reached 1730 ft m.https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9802EED7133CF932A25757C0A961958260 At Trade Center Deck, Views Are Lofty, as Are the Prices McDowell Edwin April 11, 1997 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 November 21, 2008 https://web.archive.org/web/20080410152849/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9802EED7133CF932A25757C0A961958260 April 10, 2008 live Each tower stood over 1350 ft m high, and occupied about 1 acre m2 in of the total 16 acre m2 of the site's land.http://www.enr.com/new/A0816.asp https://web.archive.org/web/20020611065443/http://www.enr.com/new/A0816.asp June 11, 2002 1973: World Trade Center Is Dynamic Duo of Height Engineering News-Record August 16, 1999 Facade The Twin Towers' facades were made of high-strength, load-bearing perimeter steel columns which acted as Vierendeel trusses.William Baker Johnathan Barnett Christopher Marrion Ronald Hamburger James Milke Harold Nelson Chapter 2. WTC 1 and WTC 2 World Trade Center Building Performance Study FEMA September 1, 2002 33 ... the loads initially carried by the damaged exterior columns were transferred by Vierendeel truss action to the remaining exterior columns immediately adjacent to the impact area.NIST NCSTAR 1 2005 6 Although the columns themselves were lightweight, they were spaced closely together, forming a strong, rigid wall structure.Goldberger 2004 26NIST NCSTAR 1 2005 5–6 There were 59 perimeter columns, narrowly spaced, on each side of the building.NIST NCSTAR 1–1 2005 8NIST NCSTAR 1 2005 6 In all, the perimeter walls measured 207 ft m long on each side, and the corners were beveled. NIST NCSTAR 1–1 2005 9NIST NCSTAR 1 2005 5–6 The perimeter structure was constructed of prefabricated modular pieces connected by spandrel plates.NIST NCSTAR 1 2005 5–6 From the 7th floor to the ground level, and down to the foundation, the columns were spaced 10 ft m apart to accommodate doorways.NIST NCSTAR 1–1 2005 10NIST NCSTAR 1 2005 6 All columns were placed on bedrock 65–85 feet (20–26 m) below the surface.http://www.nae.edu/nae/bridgecom.nsf/weblinks/CGOZ-58NLJ9?OpenDocument World Trade Center "Bathtub": From Genesis to Armageddon Bridges Tamaro, George J. Spring 2002 32 1 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20070930043409/http://www.nae.edu/nae/bridgecom.nsf/weblinks/CGOZ-58NLJ9?OpenDocument September 30, 2007 Structural features Construction of the World Trade Center#Design of the towers The building's core housed the elevator and utility shafts, restrooms, three stairwells, and other support spaces. The core of each tower was a rectangular area 87 by 135 feet (27 by 41 m), and contained 47 steel columns running from the bedrock to the top of the tower.NIST NCSTAR 1 2005 8 The North Tower's structural core was oriented with the long axis east-to-west. The core columns supported about half the towers' weight.Zarghamee Mehdi S. Kitane Y. Erbay Omer O. McAllister Therese P. Gross John L. December 1, 2005 Global Structural Analysis of the Response of the World Trade Center Towers to Impact Damage and Fire. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster (NIST NCSTAR 1-6D) https://www.nist.gov/publications/global-structural-analysis-response-world-trade-center-towers-impact-damage-and-fire NIST 285 All elevators were located in the core. Each building had three stairwells, also in the core, except on the mechanical floors.NIST NCSTAR 1–1 2005 8 The large, column-free space between the perimeter and core was bridged by prefabricated floor trusses, which connected to the perimeter columns.NIST NCSTAR 1 2005 10 Hat trusses (or "outrigger truss") located from the 107th floor to the top of the North and South towers were designed to support a tall communication antenna on top of each building.NIST NCSTAR 1 2005 10 Only the North Tower actually had an antenna fitted, which was added in 1978.https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/newyork/sfeature/sf_building.html New York: A Documentary Film – The Center of the World (Construction Footage) Port Authority / PBS May 16, 2007 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20070401224243/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/newyork/sfeature/sf_building.html April 1, 2007 The framed-tube design using steel core and perimeter columns protected with sprayed-on fire resistant material created a relatively lightweight structure that would sway more in response to the wind.Glanz Lipton 2003 138 In designing the World Trade Center, Leslie Robertson considered the scenario of the impact of a jet airliner crashing into the building.Robertson Leslie E. 2002 http://www.nae.edu/Publications/Bridge/EngineeringandHomelandSecurity/ReflectionsontheWorldTradeCenter.aspx Reflections on the World Trade Center The Bridge Volume 32, Number 1 National Academy of Engineering July 28, 2006 The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) found a three-page white paper that mentioned another aircraft impact analysis, involving impact of a jet at 600 mi/h km/h on, was indeed considered, but NIST could not locate the documentary evidence of the aircraft impact analysis.Sadek, Fahim. Baseline Structural Performance and Aircraft Impact Damage Analysis of the World Trade Center Towers(NCSTAR 1–2 appendix A). NIST 2005. pp. 305–307. Sprayed-fire resistant materials (SFRMs), gypsum wallboard, and vermiculite were used to provide fireproofing to the interiors.NIST NCSTAR 1–1 2005 8 More fireproofing was added after a fire in February 1975, Hamburger Ronald World Trade Center Building Performance Study Federal Emergency Management Agency https://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch2.pdf July 27, 2006 etal but after the 1993 bombing, inspections found fireproofing to be deficient.NIST NCSTAR 1–6 2005 lxxi. NIST lists upgraded floors as 92–100 and 102 plus 8 unspecified floors. The 1968 New York City building codes did not require sprinklers for high-rise buildings, except for underground spaces,NIST NCSTAR 1–1 2005 162 but the entire complex was retrofitted by 2001.NIST NCSTAR 1–4 2005 14 Electrical and communications features Electrical service to the towers was supplied by Consolidated Edison at 13,800 volts. This service passed through the World Trade Center Primary Distribution Center (PDC) and sent up through the core of the building to electrical substations located on the mechanical floors. The substations stepped down the 13,800 primary voltage to 480/277 volt secondary service, and then further down to 208/120 volt general power and lighting service. The complex also was served by emergency generators located in the sub-levels of the towers and on the roof of 5 WTC.Federal Emergency Management Agency http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch2.pdf March 8, 2007 World Trade Center Building Performance Study Six 1,200-kilowatt (kW) emergency power generators located in the sixth basement (B-6) level provided a secondary power supply. August 20, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170820201629/https://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch2.pdf liveE-J Electric set four generators on the roof of Tower 5, which was nine stories, as opposed to the 110-story Towers 1 and 2. E-J then ran high-voltage feeder cable to Towers 1, 2, 4 and 5, installed three substations and distributed power to the tenants. CEE News January 1, 2001 March 8, 2007 http://september11.ceenews.com/ar/electric_towering_security_2/index.htm Fischbach, Amy Florence Towering security https://web.archive.org/web/20061021042017/http://september11.ceenews.com/ar/electric_towering_security_2/index.htm October 21, 2006 The 110th floor of 1 World Trade Center (the North Tower) housed radio and television transmission equipment; access to the roof of 1 WTC was controlled from the WTC Operations Control Center (OCC) located in the B1 level of 2 WTC. Tenants at the time of the attacks The tenant list below was compiled from the original list provided by CoStar Group (a provider of electronic commercial real estate information), quoted by CNN,http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/tenants1.html CNN List of World Trade Center tenants May 8, 2010 January 6, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120106160853/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/tenants1.html live and was sourced from UnBlinking.com.Updated list. UnBlinking.com. 2001. Retrieved November 29, 2012. Cantor Fitzgerald's corporate headquarters were located in 1 World Trade Center."office locations." Cantor Fitzgerald. August 9, 2001. Retrieved October 4, 2009. Note: Floor numbers in  red  were part of American Airlines Flight 11's impact area on September 11, 2001, with floors trapped by its impact numbered in  dark gray . Fl# Companies 110/R Local radio and TV stations: Channel 2 (WCBS), Channel 4 (WNBC), Channel 5 (WNYW), Channel 7 (WABC), Channel 9 (WWOR), Channel 11 (WPIX), Channel 13 (WNET), Channel 31 (WPXN), Channel 47 (WNJU), WKCR-FM, WPAT-FM, WNYC-FM, WKTU-FM, CNBC, Genuity, CNN 109 Mechanical floor 108 Mechanical floor 107 Windows on the World, Greatest Bar on Earth, Wild Blue 106 Windows on the World, Windows on the World Wine School, Windows on the World Conference and Banquet rooms 105 Cantor Fitzgerald, eSpeed, Genuity 104 Cantor Fitzgerald, eSpeed, Channel 4 (WNBC), UmeVoice 103 Cantor Fitzgerald, eSpeed 102 Cantor Fitzgerald, Alliance Consulting Group, The Nishi-Nippon Bank Limited, PaineWebber, Kidder Peabody & Co. 101 Cantor Fitzgerald, eSpeed, Boomer Esiason Foundation, Chances for Children (charity), Kidder Peabody & Co. 100 Marsh & McLennan Companies 99 Marsh & McLennan Companies 98 Marsh & McLennan Companies 97 Marsh & McLennan Companies 96 Marsh & McLennan Companies, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation 95 Marsh & McLennan Companies 94 Marsh & McLennan Companies, Marsh Private Client Services, Guy Carpenter 93 Marsh & McLennan Companies, Fred Alger Management, Castle Convertible Fund Inc. 92 Carr Futures, Lower Manhattan Cultural Council, LMCC Art Program, LMCC Open Studios 91 American Bureau of Shipping, Cedel Bank International, Meyers Pollok Robbins, New Japan Securities International, Lower Manhattan Cultural Council, LMCC Art Program, LMCC Open Studios, Shiga Bank 90 American TCC International Group, Chugoku Bank, Dun & Bradstreet, Clearstream International, Pass Consulting Corporation 89 Barcley Dwyer, Bayview Services LLC, CIIC Group (US), Cosmos Services America, Frank W. Lin & Co., Daehan International, Drinker Biddle & Reath, MetLife, Mutual International Forwarding, Strategic Communications Group, Wai Gao Qiao USA, Wall Street Planning Association, Banco LatinoAmericano de Exportaciones Sud America, Italian Wine & Food Institute, Majestic Star Yacht Chartering, Tokyo Securities Company 88 Viking Sea Freight, WTC Construction Manager 87 May Davis Group, Bank of Kinki, Thor Technologies 86 Julien J. Studley, Asiatic Chemical, Society of Satellite Professionals International 85 SMW Trading Corporation, Thermo Electron, Chicago Investment Group, Hyakugo Bank, Ohrenstein & Brown 84Bright China Capital, David Peterson Law Offices, LG Securities America (Later merged separately to NH Investment & Securities and KB securities), San-In Godo International Bank, Temenos USA Wholesalers, Unicom Capital Advisors, Blue Star Line North America, Daehan International 83 Axcelera, General Telecommunications, eMeritus Communications, Lava Trading LLC, Global Crossings Holdings, Ameson Education and Culture Exchange Foundation, Taipei Bank, Toho Bank, Wako Securities America 82 New York Metropolitan Transportation Council, DMJM Harris 81 Bank of America, Blue Star Line North America, Network Plus, New Continental Enterprises 80 Agricor Commodities Corporation, Intrust Investment Realty, Noga Commodities Overseas, Noga Hotels New York, Shizuoka Bank, RLI Insurance Company, Bank of Yokohama, Zenshinren Bank, TheBeast.com 79Daynard & Van Thunen Company, International Office Centers, First Liberty Investment Group, Nikko Securities, Okato Shoji Company International, Securant Technologies, Iyo Bank, Symphoni Interactive LLC 78 Skylobby, Avenir, Baltic Oil Corporation, Cedar Capital Management Associates, Cheng Cheng Enterprises Holdings, Geiger & Geiger, Hyundai Motor Company, International Trade Centre, Korea Local Authorities Foundation for International Relations, Meridian Ventures Holdings, Pacrim Trading & Shipping, Phink Path, Traders Access Center, Atinav Avenue, Korea Local Government Center, Partner Reinsurance Company, Kasikornthai Bank, Verona Fair Organization US Representative 77 Hal Roth Agency, Jun He Law Offices, Martin Progressive LLC, New-ey International Corporation, World Trade Centers Association, Alliance Continuing Care Network, Kuhne & Nagel, Partner Reinsurance Company 76 Mechanical floor 75 Mechanical floor 74 Morgan Stanley 73 Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, Morgan Stanley 72 Morgan Stanley 71 Morgan Stanley 70 Morgan Stanley 69 Morgan Stanley 68 Morgan Stanley 67 Port Authority of New York and New Jersey 66 Port Authority of New York and New Jersey 65 Boeing Aviation Technical Services, Morgan Stanley 64 Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, Morgan Stanley 63 Morgan Stanley, Airport Access Program 62 Morgan Stanley 61 Morgan Stanley 60 Asahi Bank 59 Sidley Austin Brown & Wood 58 Sidley Austin Brown & Wood 57 Sidley Austin Brown & Wood 56 Sidley Austin Brown & Wood 55 Pace University, World Trade Institute of Pace University, Benchmark Hospitality at Pace University (now Downtown Conference Center at Pace University) 54 Sidley Austin Brown & Wood 53AIG Aviation Brokerage, Bank of Taiwan, Bramax Manufacturing Corporation, China Resource Products USA, Keenan, Powers, & Andrews, LoCurto & Funk Inc., National Nydegger Transport Corporation, Pacrim Trading & Shipping, Pure Energy Corporation, Broadview Networks, French Embassy Financial Services, JACOM Corporation, TripleHop Technologies. 52 Gayer, Shyu & Wiesel, Hill, Betts & Nash, Howly (US) Corporation, Leeds & Morrelli, Okasan Securities, RGL Gallagher PC, Williams Capital Group, Bramax Manufacturing Corporation, Temenos USA Wholesalers, Unifacemanu International. 51 AT&T Corporation, C&P Press, Chilean Government Trade Bureau, Chilean National Petroleum Company, Chilean Production Promotion Center, Chilean Trading Corporation, Tradeweb. 50 Dai-Ichi Kangyo Trust Company of New York, Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank 49 Dai-Ichi Kangyo Trust Company of New York, Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank 48 Dai-Ichi Kangyo Trust Company of New York, Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank 47 ADERLY-USA, Adjusters International, American TCC International Group, ClearForest Corporation, First Union Securities, G.Z. Stephens, Inc., Pacific American Corporation, Quint Amasis LLC, Rollins Accounting, Tejas Securities Group, Inc., W.J. Export Import, Inc. 46 Alegra International, American Sino Trade Development Council, ASTDC, Auspic International Technology & Trade Group Co., Inc., Auto Imperial, Bank of Yokohama, Beyondbond, Inc., Bluesky Technologies Inc., Ceylon Shipping Corporation, Charles P. Chan, CPA, China U.S. Net Group, Inc., Consolidated Steelex Corporation, Dahao U.S.A. Corporation, China Inter-Ocean Transportation, Hitachi Software Engineering America Limited, Interglobe Communications, J&X Tan's Trading Co., Johnson & Johnson, Kading Companies S.A., KISCO Corporation (USA), Port Authority of New York & New Jersey, R.S. Property, Shandong Resources Inc., Shipping Services Italia, Sinopec USA, Inc., Smartcomm Group, Inc., Sri Larkan Travel, Inc., Strategic Alliance International Group, Suggested Open Systems, Suntendy America, Inc., T&T Enterprises International, Inc., Teleport Investment Management LLC, Thomas D. Mangione Limited, Tradeway, Inc., ViewTrade Group, World Imperial Realty Corporation, World News & Media Group, Inc., Yong Ren America Inc. 45 American Lota International, Bramax Manufacturing Corporation, China Construction America, Dunavant Commodity Corporation, Fertitta Enterprises, F.E. Wallace & Co., HS Futures LP, Pure Energy Corporation, Security Traders Association, Software Research Associates America, Streamline Capital, BAO Hercules, Ching Fong Investment Company New York, Johnson Enterprises, SRA America, S. Stern Custom Brokers 44 Skylobby, Skydive restaurant, New York Society of Security Analysts, Market Technicians Association, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey 43 Port Authority of New York and New Jersey 42 Mechanical floor 41 Mechanical floor 40 Lehman Brothers, Commerzbank Capital Markets AG 39 Lehman Brothers, Cultural Institutions Retirement Systems, First Liberty Investment Group, Overseas Union Bank, Xcel Federal Credit Union, Tai Fook Securities, Circle International, Sun Hung Kai Securities 38 Lehman Brothers, Regional Alliance for Small Contractors, Turner Construction Company, GSW & Associates, GW Finance Corporation 37 Commodity Futures Trading Commission, Government of Thailand, S. Stern Custom Brokers, Thai Board of Investment, Thai Office of the Economic Counselor, Thai Trade Center, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey 36 Kemper Corporation 35 Kemper Corporation, Anne Pope Law Offices 34 Royal Thai Embassy Office, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, Tourism Authority of Thailand 33 Berel & Mullen, China Daily Distribution Corporation, Data Transmission Network Corporation, Hu Tong International Company, Koudis International, MANAA Trading Group, MIS Service Company, Rachel & Associates, Serko & Simon, Golden King USA, American Bright Signs, China United Trading Corporation, Excel Shipping, Korean Associates Securities, Rohde & Liesenfeld, Lunham & Reeve, Inc. 32 Chang Hwa Bank, Rohde & Liesenfeld, Koudis International 31 Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, Empire Health Choice, EmpireBlue 30 Empire Health Choise, EmpireBlue 29 China Patent and Trademark Agent USA, Empire Health Choice, EmpireBlue, World Travel, Seth Shipping Corporation, Taipei Bank 28 Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, Empire Health Choice, EmpireBlue 27 Bangkok Metropolitan Bank, Anthem, Empire Health Choice, EmpireBlue, Sinopec USA, Inc. 26 Garban Intercapital 25 Garban Intercapital, Geiger & Geiger, R.H. Wrightson & Associates, Cote d'Ivore Embassy Commercial Counselor, EXCO USA International, Harold I. Pepper Company 24 Empire Health Choice, EmpireBlue, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, Dominican Republic Export Promotion Center, Electric Paper Inc., RN Forwarding 23 Empire Health Choice, EmpireBlue 22 Security Command Center, Cheng Xiang Trading USA, Chicago Board Options Exchange Corporation, G.C. Services, Gold Sky Inc., Kaiser Overseas, Karoon Capital Management, MLU Investment, Pluto Commodities, P. Wolfe Investments, Tai Fook Securities, The SCPIE Companies, Unicom Capital Advisors, AMROC International Company, Central Trust of China, China Steel, New York Metropolitan Transportation Council, SySoft e-Business Lab 21 Avesta Computer Services, Continental Logistics, Dongwon Securities Company (then part of Dongwon Industries), Friends Ivory & Sime, Friends Villas Fischer Trust, Infotech Commercial Systems, Law Offices of Roman V. Popik, Lief International, Tower Computer Services, United Seamen's Service (USS-AMMLA), 1 Stop Investment Advice, Brauner International Corporation, Cat Technology Inc., Wired Cat, J.D. Smith Customs Broker, Marc Commodities, Regional Alliance for Small Contractors, United Hercules 20 Empire Health Choice, EmpireBlue, Rohde & Liesenfeld 19 Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, Adams McFarlane LLC (NexxtHealth), Excel Shipping, HZ Bernstein Air Freight, Empire Health Choice, EmpireBlue 18 Neovest, I/B/E/S International Inc., SportsGelt LLC 17ABC International, Masterpiece International, Nippon Express USA, Empire Health Choice, EmpireBlue, ZimAmerican Israeli Shipping Company 16 California Bank & Trust, Seven Star Lines, ZimAmerican Israeli Shipping Company, Ramon International Insurance Brokers (ZimAmerican) 15 Landmark Education Corporation, Continental Forwarding, Gringsby Brandford & Co., H.W. Robinson & Co. 14 Instinet, Dun & Bradstreet, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, Aeolian Shipping Company, C. Allen & Co., Hirshbach & Smith, VanderGrift Forwarding 13 Instinet 12 Lafayette Shipping Company 11 Bank of America, Porcella Vicini & Co., Primark Decision Economics, Raymond James & Associates, Allstate Insurance Company, Tes USA 10 Bank of America, Export Import Service, Hauser Air Corporation 9 Bank of America, Foreign Credit Insurance Association 8 Mechanical floor 7 Mechanical floor 6 — 5 Gayer, Shyu & Wiesel 4 Geiger & Geiger 3 Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, LG Insurance Company, W.R. Hambrecht L Avis, Delta Air Lines, Olympia Airport Express, Trans World Airlines, Continental Airlines, Continental Enterprises, Citibank CThe Mall at the World Trade Center SOURCES: CoStar Group, CNN, and Unblinking. thumb|The North Pool of the present-day National September 11 Memorial & Museum, marking the spot upon which the original One World Trade Center stood. Floor unknown: Alliance Global Finance, Associated Charter Marine, Carreden Group, CIF Agency, Dimetol International Trade, Eastern Capital Corporation, Falcon International Freight, First Pacific Rim, GAC Shipping, Garwood Financial, Globe Shipping Company, GSI Cargo Service, Hachijuni Bank, Hanil Securities, Lin Brothers International, Pluto Commodities, Port Newark 92nd floor The 92nd floor, though technically the first floor below Flight 11's impact zone, did not have any survivors.9/11 Commission Report Government Printing Office 2004 National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States https://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf 303 Sixty-nine people reported to work that morning, including 67 employees of Carr Futures, a tenant on the 92nd floor. The impact itself spared every single person on Floor 92 and did no damage to the floor directly. However, the force of the crash collapsed walls and inflicted nonstructural damage such as smashed windows,National Institute of Standards and Technology NISTNCSTAR1-5A Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster ― Visual Evidence, Damage Estimates, And Timeline Analysis 2005 https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1-5av1.pdf 166 broken ceiling tiles and severed electrical wires, as well as causing knee-deep flooding throughout various rooms on the 92nd floor after the water pipes burst. Multiple calls were recorded from people trapped on the floor, the workers reporting that although the stairs on the 92nd floor had not been destroyed, they were walled off by fallen debris from Flight 11's impact zone immediately above.May 26, 2002 102 MINUTES: Last Words at the Trade Center; Fighting to Live as the Towers Die The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/26/nyregion/102-minutes-last-words-at-the-trade-center-fighting-to-live-as-the-towers-die.html June 13, 2023 In addition to the stairs being rendered impassable, the centralized impact into the North Tower's core also interrupted elevator service in the skyscraper from its 50th floor and higher, severing all escape routes for anyone above the 91st floor.National Institute of Standards and Technology Final Reports from the NIST World Trade Center Disaster Investigation 2005 https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1.pdf June 13, 2023 74 Initially, conditions on the 92nd floor were likely not dissimilar to what they were on the 91st, from which everyone survived and escaped.May 26, 2002 102 MINUTES: Last Words at the Trade Center; Fighting to Live as the Towers Die The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/10/us/two-years-later-the-91st-floor-the-line-between-life-and-death-still-indelible.html June 13, 2023 The situation changed very quickly when flammable aviation fuel spilled down into the 92nd floor, igniting fires that rapidly began consuming its east side; within 12 minutes of the impact, the first known fatalities from the floor occurred over a three-minute period when eight workers were forced to jump from the northern end of the tower's east side to escape a rapidly advancing wall of flames.National Institute of Standards and Technology NISTNCSTAR1-5A Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster ― Visual Evidence, Damage Estimates, And Timeline Analysis 2005 https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1-5av1.pdf 240 Those who remained made their way to an unoccupied area on the west side of the floor that was initially free of smoke and fire. However, images show that the blaze on the tower's north face eventually spread westward to their safe haven in that section of the floor, making conditions there unsurvivable.National Institute of Standards and Technology NISTNCSTAR1-5A Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster ― Visual Evidence, Damage Estimates, And Timeline Analysis 2005 https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1-5av1.pdf June 13, 2023 335 The last phone call from the North Tower came from Thomas McGinnis, a trader on the 92nd floor, when he got through to his wife Iliana at 10:18. McGinnis and a number of others had been confined to a conference room the entire time after the door jammed shut from the building buckling as the plane hit, separating them from everyone else on the floor. Most of the floor was engulfed in flames by the time McGinnis called, with extremely limited space for the group to avoid being burned.National Institute of Standards and Technology NISTNCSTAR1-5A Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster ― Visual Evidence, Damage Estimates, And Timeline Analysis 2005 https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1-5av1.pdf June 13, 2023 356 Despite his wife's attempts to reassure him, McGinnis did not believe they would survive. The South Tower had already collapsed, and McGinnis revealed to her that he could see people jumping from the floors above. The line went dead at 10:26, two minutes before the tower collapsed. Tenants that left prior to the attacks Between 1978 and 1995, the Consulate of Paraguay was located in Suite 1609 of 1 World Trade Center."Where to Get Information Before You Go"https://web.archive.org/web/20130518025508/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F1081EFC3D551B778DDDAD0A94DA405B848BF1D3 May 18, 2013 (requires subscription). The New York Times. Retrieved April 26, 2013. "1995: International Adoption – Paraguay https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181246/http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/population/children/adoptions/Paraguay.html March 3, 2016 ." U.S. Department of State Bureau of Consular Affairs. Retrieved January 15, 2012. "Consulate General of Paraguay Consular Section 1 World Trade Center, Suite 1609 New York, NY 10048". Home Lines once occupied Suite 3969 from 1974November 3, 1974 WINTER CRUISES The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/03/archives/winter-cruises-rotterdam.html January 8, 2024 until 1988.http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB336D2CBBDC4F9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM CRUISE LINE OFFICES Miami Herald February 7, 1988 ((2J Travel)) January 15, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20130516040558/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB336D2CBBDC4F9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM May 16, 2013 Home Lines, 1 World Trade Center, Suite 3969, New York, NY 10048 Telerate Systems, Inc., which was subsumed by Dow Jones, occupied the 104th floor. References Citations Sources Darton Eric Divided We Stand: A Biography of New York's World Trade Center Basic Books New York 1999 978-0-465-01727-0 Gillespie Angus K. Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center Rutgers University Press 1999 978-0-8135-2742-0 https://archive.org/details/twintowerslifeof00gill registration Glanz James Eric Lipton amp City in the Sky Times Books 2003 978-0-8050-7691-2 Goldberger Paul Up from Zero: Politics, Architecture, and the Rebuilding of New York Random House Publishing Group 2004 978-1-58836-422-7 https://archive.org/details/upfromzeropoliti00gold registration Federal Emergency Management Agency May 2002 World Trade Center Building Performance Study https://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/3544 August 21, 2019 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110430200952/http://www.fema.gov/rebuild/mat/wtcstudy.shtm April 30, 2011 World Trade Center Building Performance Study 2002 Lew Hai S. Richard W. Bukowski Nicholas J. Carino https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=101332 Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NIST NCSTAR 1–1) Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) September 2005 NIST NCSTAR 1–1 2005 https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=101351 Active Fire Protection Systems (NCSTAR 1–4) National Institute of Standards and Technology Evans, David D. Richard D. Peacock, Erica D. Kuligowski W. Stuart Dols William L. Grosshandler September 2005 NIST NCSTAR 1–4 2005 National Construction Safety Team https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=101279 Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster (NCSTAR 1–6) Structural Fire Response and Probable Collapse Sequence of the World Trade Center Towers National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) September 2005 NIST NCSTAR 1–6 2005 Sivaraj Shyam-Sunder Richard G. Gann William L. Grosshandler Hai S. Lew Richard W. Bukowski Fahim Sadek Frank W. Gayle John L. Gross Therese P. McAllister Jason D. Averill James R. Lawson Harold E. Nelson Stephen A. Cauffman Final Report of the National Construction Safety Team on the Collapses of the World Trade Center Tower (NIST NCSTAR 1) https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=909017 Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) PDF September 2005 NIST NCSTAR 1 2005 1960 External links New York City Architecture List of World Trade Center tenants via CNN (Archive) World Trade Center Tenant Relocation Summary https://web.archive.org/web/20060320154629/http://www.tenantwise.com/reports/wtc_relocate.asp March 20, 2006 via TenantWise.com World Trade Center Tragedy: Information for Families, Friends and Colleagues – Marsh and McLennan Companies rec 5 Empire State Building Tallest building in the world 1970–1974 (North Tower) 3 Willis Tower Tallest building in the United States 1970–1974 (North Tower) Tallest building with the most floors 1970–2001 Tallest building in New York City 1970–2001 (North Tower) Empire State Building Category:1973 establishments in New York City Category:Buildings and structures destroyed in the September 11 attacks Category:Lists of companies based in New York (state) One Category:Manhattan-related lists Category:Office buildings completed in 1973 Category:Office buildings in Manhattan Category:September 11 attacks Category:World Trade Center Category:Twin towers