1846–1860 cholera pandemic

Third major outbreak of cholera; global pandemic another third occurrence of a pandemic Third plague pandemic August 2020 Fedotov cholera.jpg Pavel Fedotov's painting shows a death from cholera in the mid-19th century. Cholera 1846–1860 India The third cholera pandemic (1846–1860) was the third major outbreak of cholera originating in India in the 19th century that reached far beyond its borders, which researchers at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) believe may have started as early as 1837 and lasted until 1863.http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/pancholera3.html Asiatic Cholera Pandemics During the Life of John Snow : Asiatic Cholera Pandemic of 1846-63 Frerichs Ralph R. John Snow - a historical giant in epidemiology UCLA Department of Epidemiology - Fielding School of Public Health 2018-07-29 1 May 2001 https://web.archive.org/web/20010501114225/http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/pancholera3.html live In the Russian Empire, more than one million people died of cholera. In 1853–1854, the epidemic in London claimed over 10,000 lives, and there were 23,000 deaths for all of Great Britain. This pandemic was considered to have the highest fatalities of the 19th-century epidemics.Cholera's seven pandemics https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/cholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 16 December 2008 live https://web.archive.org/web/20081216071746/http://www.cbc.ca/health/story/2008/05/09/f-cholera-outbreaks.html It had high fatalities among populations in Asia, Europe, Africa and North America. In 1854, which was considered the worst year, 23,000 people died in Great Britain. That year, the British physician John Snow, who was working in a poor area of London, identified contaminated water as the means of transmission of the disease. After the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak he had mapped the cases of cholera in the Soho area in London, and noted a cluster of cases near a water pump in one neighborhood. To test his theory, he convinced officials to remove the pump handle, and the number of cholera cases in the area immediately declined. His breakthrough helped eventually bring the epidemic under control. Snow was a founding member of the Epidemiological Society of London, formed in response to a cholera outbreak in 1849, and he is considered one of the fathers of epidemiology. http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/LESociety.html London Epidemiology Society UCLA 22 October 2012 17 October 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20191017172549/http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/LESociety.html live Dunnigan M. Commentary: John Snow and alum-induced rickets from adulterated London bread: an overlooked contribution to metabolic bone disease 10.1093/ije/dyg160 International Journal of Epidemiology 32 3 340–1 2003 12777415 free 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)21130-7 On the Adulteration of Bread As a Cause of Rickets The Lancet 70 1766 4–5 1857 Snow J. https://zenodo.org/record/2213780 8 September 2019 12 September 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210912094651/https://zenodo.org/record/2213780 live Reedited in 10.1093/ije/dyg153 http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/injepidemiology32_336_337_2003.pdf 12777413 On the adulteration of bread as a cause of rickets International Journal of Epidemiology 32 3 336–7 2003 Snow J. free 9 July 2018 19 April 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210419001036/http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/injepidemiology32_336_337_2003.pdf live Second pandemic Second cholera pandemic The second cholera pandemic spread from India, surging outward to all of Europe and northern Africa, then crossing the Atlantic to Canada and the United States, spreading to Mexico and the Caribbean. Many sources differ regarding when the second pandemic ended, and the third pandemic began. There are sources that maintain that the third cholera pandemic started with a surge from Bengal in 1839.https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays registration Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History Hays J. N. 2005 ABC-CLIO 9781851096589 en 1840s thumb|Catholic procession at Notre Dame de La Garde, France, September 1849, during the cholera epidemic Over 15,000 people died of cholera in Mecca in 1846.Asiatic Cholera Pandemic of 1846-63 https://web.archive.org/web/20101228205451/http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/pandemic1846-63.html 28 December 2010 . UCLA School of Public Health. In Russia, between 1847 and 1851, more than one million people died in the country's epidemic.Geoffrey A. Hosking (2001). "Russia and the Russians: a history https://web.archive.org/web/20230114172930/https://books.google.com/books?id=oh-5AAmboMUC&pg=PA9 14 January 2023 ". Harvard University Press. p. 9. 0-674-00473-6 A two-year outbreak began in England and Wales in 1848, and claimed 52,000 lives. In London, it was the worst outbreak in the city's history, claiming 14,137 lives, over twice as many as the 1832 outbreak. Cholera hit Ireland in 1849 and killed many of the Irish Famine survivors, already weakened by starvation and fever.http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Congress/2807/irishfamine.html The Irish Famine https://web.archive.org/web/20091027105918/http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Congress/2807/irishfamine.html 27 October 2009 dead 2014-06-09 In 1849, cholera claimed 5,308 lives in the major port city of Liverpool, England, an embarkation point for immigrants to North America, and 1,834 in Hull, England.The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866 Rosenberg Charles E. 1987 University of Chicago Press 978-0-226-72677-9 In 1849, a second major outbreak occurred in Paris. Cholera, believed spread from Irish immigrant ship(s) from England to the United States, spread throughout the Mississippi river system, killing over 4,500 in St. Louis and over 3,000 in New Orleans. Thousands died in New York, a major destination for Irish immigrants. The outbreak that struck Nashville in 1849–1850 took the life of former U.S. President James K. Polk. During the California Gold Rush, cholera was transmitted along the California, Mormon and Oregon Trails as 6,000 to 12,000The plains across: the overland emigrants and the trans-Mississippi West, 1840–60 Unruh, John David University of Illinois Press 1993 978-0-252-06360-2 Urbana, IL 408–10 The Plains Across (book) are believed to have died on their way to Utah and Oregon in the cholera years of 1849–1855. It is believed cholera claimed more than 150,000 victims in the United States during the two pandemics between 1832 and 1849,Beardsley GW 2000 The 1832 Cholera Epidemic in New York State: 19th Century Responses to Cholerae Vibrio (part 2) http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2000_fall/1832_cholera_part2.html The Early America Review 3 2 2010-02-01 4 May 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20100504204108/http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2000_fall/1832_cholera_part2.html liveJiang Sunny C. 2001-09-01 Vibrio cholerae in recreational beach waters and tributaries of Southern California Hydrobiologia en 460 1 157–164 10.1023/A:1013152407425 2001HyBio.460..157J 20591955 1573-5117 free and also claimed 200,000 victims in Mexico.https://www.academia.dk/MedHist/Sygdomme/PDF/Encyclopedia_of_Pestilence_Pandemics_and_Plagues.pdf Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A-M Byrne Joseph Patrick ABC-CLIO 2008 978-0-313-34102-1 101 1 July 2024 15 February 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200215143932/https://www.academia.dk/MedHist/Sygdomme/PDF/Encyclopedia_of_Pestilence_Pandemics_and_Plagues.pdf live In Vietnam, cholera outbreak in 1849 killed estimatedly from 800,000 to one million people (8–10% of the kingdom's 1847 population).Goscha Christopher Vietnam: A New History 2016 Basic Books 60 In Siam, cholera outbreak which started from Penang before passing to Pattani, Songkla, Samut Prakarn, Bangkok, Pathum Thani, Phitsanuloke and Ang Sila from June to July 1849 had killed at least 5,457 people in Bangkok and the estimated number of death from cholera outbreak varied from 15000 to 40000 people.https://mgronline.com/onlinesection/detail/9610000060297 "ห่าลงปีระกา" มิถุนายนรุนแรงที่สุด!ตายถึง ๔๐,๐๐๐ ในยามที่ยังไม่รู้ว่าอหิวาต์คืออะไร!! 18 June 2018 2023-03-30 30 March 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230330040513/https://mgronline.com/onlinesection/detail/9610000060297 livehttps://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_47438 เมื่อรัชกาลที่ 3 กริ้วจนไล่บาทหลวงฝรั่งดื้อและขัดรับสั่ง ช่วงโรคระบาดรุมบางกอก 26 January 2023 2023-03-30 30 March 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230330040516/https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_47438 livehttps://www.thaipost.net/main/detail/60160 ชักธงเหลืองโรคห่าลงพระสงฆ์ทิ้งวัด 2023-03-30 30 March 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230330040514/https://www.thaipost.net/main/detail/60160 liveSmith Malcolm A physician at the court of Siam 1947 Country Life In addition to former President Polk, other prominent figures who died from the 1849 North American cholera pandemic include General William Worth, Robert Smith Todd (father of future First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln), physician Daniel Arnoldi, and, while the writer Edgar Allan Poe's death is disputed, one possibility is that it was caused by the pandemic. 1850s The cholera epidemic in Russia that started in 1847 lasted until 1851, killing over one million people. In 1851, a ship coming from Cuba carried the disease to Gran Canaria.HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHICAL APPROACH IN THE BEHAVIOR OF THE EPIDEMIC OF THE CHOLERA MORBUS OF 1851 IN THE PALMS OF GREAT CANARY https://web.archive.org/web/20171022085645/http://coloquioscanariasamerica.casadecolon.com/index.php/CHCA/article/viewFile/9072/8523 22 October 2017 p.626 It is considered that more than 6,000 people died in the island during summer,Historia de la medicina en Gran Canaria https://web.archive.org/web/20171022085423/http://mdc.ulpgc.es/cdm/ref/collection/MDC/id/44370 22 October 2017 pp. 545–546 out of a population of 58,000. In 1852, cholera spread east to Indonesia, and later was carried to China and Japan in 1854. The Philippines were infected in 1858 and Korea in 1859. In 1859, an outbreak in Bengal contributed to transmission of the disease by travelers and troops to Iran, Iraq, Arabia and Russia. Japan suffered at least seven major outbreaks of cholera between 1858 and 1902. Between 100,000 and 200,000 people died of cholera in Tokyo in an outbreak in 1858–60.Kaoru Sugihara, Peter Robb, Haruka Yanagisawa, Local Agrarian Societies in Colonial India: Japanese Perspectives https://web.archive.org/web/20230724073943/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Ps-IesBlzkC&pg=PA313 24 July 2023 , (1996), p. 313. In 1854, an outbreak of cholera in Chicago took the lives of 5.5 percent of the population (about 3,500 people).The cholera years: the United States in 1832, 1849 and 1866 Charles E. Rosenberg Charles E. Rosenberg University of Chicago Press 1987 978-0-226-72677-9 ChicagoChicago Daily Tribune https://web.archive.org/web/20090831183711/http://www.jonathanriley.net/chicsrc.html#y1854_m07_d12 31 August 2009 , 12 July 1854 Providence, Rhode Island suffered an outbreak so widespread that for the next thirty years, 1854 was known there as "The Year of Cholera."McKenna Ray My Turn: Ray McKenna: R.I. residents of 1854 would relate https://www.providencejournal.com/opinion/20200419/my-turn-ray-mckenna-ri-residents-of-1854-would-relate 20 April 2020 The Providence Journal 19 April 2020 20 April 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200420143232/https://www.providencejournal.com/opinion/20200419/my-turn-ray-mckenna-ri-residents-of-1854-would-relate dead In 1853–54, London's epidemic claimed 10,739 lives. In Spain, over 236,000 died of cholera in the epidemic of 1854–55.https://books.google.com/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&pg=PA369 Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: from Ancient Times to the Present Kohn George C. Infobase Publishing 2008 978-0-8160-6935-4 369 9 August 2018 14 January 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230114173159/https://books.google.com/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&pg=PA369 live The disease reached South America in 1854 and 1855, with victims in Venezuela and Brazil. During the third pandemic, Tunisia, which had not been affected by the two previous pandemics, thought Europeans had brought the disease. They blamed their sanitation practices. Some United States scientists began to believe that cholera was somehow associated with African Americans, as the disease was prevalent in the South in areas of black populations. Current researchers note their populations were underserved in terms of sanitation infrastructure, and health care, and they lived near the waterways by which travelers and ships carried the disease.Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History Hayes J. N. ABC-CLIO 2005 Santa Barbara, CA 233 The events surrounding the cholera pandemic in Bologna in 1855 were described by the city's Sanitation Department or Delegation, published in 1857. The treatise also describes prior plagues afflicting the city.Il cholera morbus nella città di Bologna l'anno 1855. Relazione della deputazione comunale di sanità preceduta da notizie storiche intorno le pestilenze nel Bolognese https://web.archive.org/web/20231108141724/https://books.google.com/books?id=QjUAAAAAQAAJ 8 November 2023 , published by della Volpe and dei Sassi, Bologna 1857. 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak right|thumb|300x300px|Original map by John Snow showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854 The 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak was a severe outbreak of cholera that occurred in 1854 near Broad Street (now Broadwick Street) in the Soho district of London, England, and occurred during the third cholera pandemic. This outbreak, which killed 616 people, is best known for the physician John Snow's study of its causes and his hypothesis that germ-contaminated water was the source of cholera, rather than particles in the air (referred to as "miasma").Eyeler William July 2001 The changing assessments of John Snow's and William Farr's Cholera Studies Sozial- und Präventivmedizin 46 4 225–32 10.1007/BF01593177 11582849 9549345 free 10.1007/BF01593177 freePaneth N Vinten-Johansen P Brody H Rip M 1998-10-01 A rivalry of foulness: official and unofficial investigations of the London cholera epidemic of 1854. American Journal of Public Health 88 10 1545–1553 10.2105/ajph.88.10.1545 0090-0036 1508470 9772861 Snow identified the source of an 1854 cholera outbreak as the public water pump on Broad Street (now Broadwick Street). Although his studies were not entirely conclusive, his advocacy convinced the local council to disable the Broad Street pump by removing its handle. Snow later used a dot map to illustrate the cluster of cholera cases around the pump, later found to have been dug close to an old cesspit. He used statistics to illustrate the connection between the quality of the water source and cholera cases, and showed that a company was taking water from sewage-polluted sections of the Thames and delivering it to homes, resulting in an increased incidence of cholera among its customers. Snow's study was a major event in the history of public health and geography. It is regarded as one of the founding events of the science of epidemiology. This discovery came to influence public health and the construction of improved sanitation facilities beginning in the mid-19th century. Later, the term "focus of infection" would be used to describe sites, such as the Broad Street pump, in which conditions are good for transmission of an infection. John Snow's endeavor to find the cause of the transmission of cholera caused him to unknowingly create a double-blind experiment. See also History of cholera Matthew Arbuckle Jr. References External links Book on Pandemics Category:Cholera pandemics Category:19th-century disease outbreaks Category:1840s epidemics Category:1850s epidemics Category:1860s epidemics Category:Disease outbreaks in India