1181 papal election

Election of Catholic Pope Lucius III 1181 true 1 September 1181 Rome Ubaldo Allucingoli Konrad von Wittelsbach Alberto di Morra Giacinto Bobone Orsini Ubaldo Allucingoli Lucius III Lucius-III.jpg 1159 1159 papal election 1185 1185 papal election The 1181 papal election followed the death of Pope Alexander III and resulted in the election of Pope Lucius III. This was the first papal election celebrated in accordance with the decree Licet de evitanda discordia, promulgated in the Third Lateran Council in 1179, which established that the pope is elected by a majority of two thirds votes. Licet de evitanda discordia The contested papal election, 1159, which resulted in the election of Pope Alexander III and Antipope Victor IV (1159–1164), created a schism in the Catholic Church that lasted almost twenty years (until 1178). In 1159 the cardinals were unable to achieve consensus, though an electoral compact had set that as its goal.This, at any rate, is what Cardinal Ymarus, the leader of the imperial party wrote (Watterich II, pp. 462–463): "In nomine Domini Amen. Convenerunt episcopi, presbyteri, diaconi cardinales sanctae Romanae ecclesiae et promiserunt sibi invicem in verbo veritatis, quod de electione futuri Pontificis tractabunt secundum consuetudinem istius ecclesiae, scilicet quod segregentur aliquae personae de eisdem fratribus, qui audiant voluntatem singulorum et diligenter inquirant et fideliter describant, et, si Deus dederit, quod concorditer possimus convenire, bene; sin autem, nullus procedat sine communi consensu et hoc observetur sine fraude et malo ingenio." The cardinals had been divided into two parties, those who favored the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and those who favored William I of Sicily, and each of them elected their own pope. In August 1178 Antipope Callixtus III, the successor of Victor IV, finally submitted to Alexander III.Antipope Innocent III, elected in September 1179 and deposed in January 1180, was of little importance; cf. Jaffé, p. 431. In the following year Alexander III celebrated the Third Lateran Council, which promulgated the decree Licet de evitanda discordia.Latin text in: J.D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XXII (Venice: A. Zatta 1778), pp. 217-218. To avoid schism in the future, the decree established that the pope is elected with the majority of two thirds of the cardinals, if unanimity cannot be achieved.Robinson, pp. 84-85 It confirmed also that the cardinals are the sole electors of the pope.Robinson, pp. 40-41. Carl Joseph Hefele, Histoire des conciles fr Tome V, deuxième partie (Paris: Letouzey 1913), pp. 1087-1089. Election of Lucius III Pope Alexander III died on August 30, 1181, in Civita Castellana.Jaffé, p. 418 Two days later, on September 1, 1181, the cardinals assembled at Rome (probably at Lateran or Vatican Basilica)Gregorovius, p. 609: "Lucius III, Ubaldo Allucingoli of Lucca, hitherto Cardinal-bishop of Ostia and Velletri, was not even elected in Rome, but was raised to the Papacy by the College of Cardinals assembled at Velletri, and was ordained on September 6, 1181. After an agreement with the Romans he came to the city in November, and was allowed to remain some months." and unanimously elected the senior member of the Sacred College, Cardinal Ubaldo of Lucca, Bishop of Ostia. He took the name Lucius III. On September 6, 1181, he was crowned by Cardinal Teodino of Porto at Velletri.Jaffé, p. 432; Regesta Imperii: Abteilung IV. Band 4, 1 – Papstregesten 1181–1184, no. 1 https://web.archive.org/web/20090717102325/http://regesten.regesta-imperii.de/ 2009-07-17 Cardinal-electors There were probably 27 cardinals in the Sacred College of Cardinals in 1181.Reconstruction of the membership of the Sacred College is based on Brixius, p. 26 note 8. Brixius listed only 25 cardinals, but two additional are mentioned by Ganzer, pp. 102-104 no. 42 and pp. 119-121 no. 48 Based on the examination of the subscriptions of the papal bulls in 1181Jaffé, pp. 145-146 and 431-432; Regesta Imperii – Liste der Kardinalsunterschriften unter Lucius III. and the available data about the external missions of the cardinals it is possible to establish that no more than 19 cardinals participated in the election: Elector Place of birth Cardinalatial title Elevated Elevator NotesUbaldo AllucingoliLuccaBishop of OstiaDecember 16, 1138Innocent IIDean of the Sacred College of CardinalsTheodinusArrone, TuscanyBishop of Porto e Santa RufinaDecember 18, 1165Alexander IIIPaolo ScolariRomeBishop of PalestrinaSeptember 21, 1179Alexander IIIArchpriest of the patriarchal Liberian Basilica; future Pope Clement III (1187–1191)Alberto di Morra, C.R.BeneventoPriest of S. Lorenzo in Lucinaand Chancellor of the Holy Roman ChurchDecember 21, 1156 Adrian IVProtopriest; future Pope Gregory VIII (1187)Joannes Anagninus(Giovanni dei Conti di Anagni)AnagniPriest of S. Marco1158/1159Adrian IVFuture bishop of Palestrina (1190–1196) Cinthius CapellusKartusch, p. 118.Rome (?)Priest of S. CeciliaMarch 14, 1158Adrian IV nephew of Innocent IIPietro de Bono, Can.Reg.RomePriest of S. SusannaMarch 18, 1166Alexander IIIUguccione PierleoniRomePriest of S. ClementeMarch 2, 1173Alexander IIIRelative of Anacletus II (1130–1138)Laborans de PontormoPontormo near FlorencePriest of S. Maria in TrastevereSeptember 21, 1173Alexander IIIVivianoOrvieto (?)Priest of S. Stefano in Monte CelioMarch 7, 1175Alexander III Ardoino da Piacenza, Can.Reg.PiacenzaPriest of S. Croce in GerusalemmeJune 2, 1178Alexander III Matthieu d’AnjouAngersPriest of S. MarcelloDecember 22, 1178Alexander IIIGiacinto BoboneRomeDeacon of S. Maria in CosmedinDecember 22, 1144Lucius IIProtodeacon; future Pope Celestine III (1191–1198)Ardicio RivoltellaPiadena (Platina) near CremonaDeacon of S. TeodoroDecember 21, 1156 Adrian IVRainiero da PaviaPaviaDeacon of S. Giorgio in VelabroJune 6, 1175Alexander IIIMatteo, Can.Reg.Unknown (possibly Rome)Deacon of S. Maria NuovaMarch 4, 1178 Alexander IIIGraziano da PisaPisaDeacon of SS. Sergio e Bacco March 4, 1178Alexander IIINephew of Pope Eugene IIIRainierUnknownDeacon of S. AdrianoSeptember 22, 1178Alexander IIIGiovanniUnknownDeacon of S. Angelo in PescheriaSeptember 22, 1178Alexander III Thirteen electors were created by Pope Alexander III, four by Pope Adrian IV, one by Pope Innocent II and one by Lucius II. Absentee cardinals Elector Place of birth Cardinalatial title Elevated Elevator NotesKonrad von WittelsbachBavariaBishop of Sabina and Archbishop of SalzburgDecember 18, 1165Alexander IIISubdean of the Sacred College of Cardinals; external cardinalGanzer, pp. 104-114 no. 43Henri de Marsiac, O.Cist.Château de Marcy, FranceBishop of AlbanoMarch 1179Alexander IIIPapal legate in FranceRobinson, pp. 165 and 242; he did not subscribe any papal bulls between December 8, 1179 and November 20, 1182. Jaffé, p. 145; Regesta Imperii – Liste der Kardinalsunterschriften unter Lucius III.Pietro da Pavia, Can.Reg.Pavia or FranceBishop of TusculumSeptember 21, 1173Aleksander IIIPapal legate in France and Germany; archbishop-elect of BourgesGanzer, pp. 123-125 no. 50Giovanni da Napoli, Can.Reg.NaplesPriest of S. AnastasiaSeptember 21, 1150Eugenius IIIPapal legate in ConstantinopleBrixius, pp. 55-56 no. 15; he did not subscribe any papal bulls after July 3, 1179.Ruggiero di San Severino, O.S.B.Cas.San SeverinoPriest of S. Eusebio and Archbishop of BeneventoCirca 1178-1180Alexander IIIExternal cardinalGanzer, pp. 129-131 no. 52Guillaume aux Blanches MainsFrancePriest of S. Sabina and Archbishop of ReimsMarch 1179Alexander IIIExternal cardinalGanzer, pp. 125-129 no. 51Simeone Borelli, O.S.B.Cas.CampagnaDeacon of S. Maria in DomnicaCirca 1157Adrian IVAbbot of Subiaco (external cardinal)Ganzer, pp.102-104 no. 42Leonato de Manoppello, O.S.B.Manoppello (?)Deacon of the Holy Roman ChurchMarch 21, 1170Alexander IIIAbbot of S. Clemente in Casauria; external cardinalGanzer, pp. 119-121 no. 48 Notes Sources Adams, John Paul (2011). "Sede Vacante 1181". California State University Northridge. Retrieved: 10 February 2022. Brixius Johannes Matthias Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130-1181 R. Trenkel de Berlin 1912 Ganzer Klaus Die Entwicklung des auswärtigen Kardinalats im hohen Mittelalter. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Kardinalkollegiums vom 11.bis 13. Jahrhundert Bibliothek des Deutschen Historischen Instituts in Rom de Tübingen Max Niemeyer Verlag 1963 Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1905). The History of Rome in the Middle Ages Vol. IV, part 2. 2nd ed. London: George Bell 1905. Jaffé Phillipp Philipp Jaffé Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita Ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII, vol. II https://archive.org/details/regestapontific00jaffgoog la Leipzig 1888 Veit et comp. Elfriede Kartusch Das Kardinalskollegium in der Zeit von 1181–1227 Wien 1948 de Regesta Imperii http://www.regesta-imperii.de/startseite.html de Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz 2006–2009 Robinson Ian Stuart The Papacy 1073–1198. Continuity and Innovation Cambridge University Press Cambridge Medieval Textbooks 1990 0-521-31922-6 collapsed Catholicism Christianity Vatican City y Biblical Studies/Christianity/Roman Catholicism/History y Category:Papal conclave y Category:Roman Catholic Church y Category:Popes y Category:Popes y Category:Christian History y Pope y Category:12th-century elections 1181 Category:12th century in Catholicism Category:1181 in Europe Category:12th century in the Papal States